MTLE (Philippines PRC Health Exams) key terms

Instructional decisions grounded in knowledge of typical child development, each child's individual traits, and the child's family and community culture. It balances child-initiated play with intentional teacher guidance.

The range of tasks a learner can complete with assistance but not yet independently. Teachers target instruction within this band so support stretches competence without causing frustration.

Temporary, graduated supports such as modeling, prompts, or partial examples that let a learner complete a task beyond current ability. Supports are withdrawn as competence grows.

Awareness that spoken language is composed of sounds, ranging from whole words and syllables to rhymes and individual phonemes. It is an auditory skill and a strong predictor of later reading success.

The narrowest level of phonological awareness: the ability to hear, blend, segment, and manipulate individual phonemes in spoken words, such as removing the first sound from 'cat'.

Instruction in the systematic relationship between letters and the sounds they represent, used to decode printed words. It differs from phonological awareness, which involves sound only.

Reading with accuracy, appropriate rate, and meaningful expression. Fluent reading frees attention for comprehension rather than word decoding.

Constructing meaning from text by integrating word recognition, vocabulary, background knowledge, and strategic reasoning. It is the goal of reading instruction, not a single skill.

Ongoing checks during instruction that reveal what students understand so teaching can be adjusted immediately. Results inform feedback and next steps rather than producing a grade.

Evaluation administered at the end of a unit, course, or term to judge learning against standards. It typically yields a grade or score and is not used to reshape instruction in real time.

Planning that begins with desired learning outcomes and acceptable evidence, then selects activities. It prevents activity-driven lessons that lack a clear target.

Adjusting content, process, or product in response to readiness, interest, and learning profile while keeping the same essential learning goals for all students.

Proactive lesson design offering multiple means of engagement, representation, and action or expression so diverse learners can access content without after-the-fact retrofitting.

Words and phrases specific to a discipline, such as 'photosynthesis' or 'coefficient', that students must know to read and discuss content-area texts. It is taught explicitly and revisited.

A planned, documented, work-based learning project in agricultural education, such as entrepreneurship, placement, research, or service. It develops skills and is recorded for accountability.

The national student organization for agricultural education, providing leadership development, career development events, and supervised agricultural experience recognition. It is one of the three components of agricultural education programs.

The framework describing agricultural education as integrated classroom and laboratory instruction, supervised agricultural experience, and FFA participation. Programs are strongest when all three components reinforce one another.

A bookkeeping system in which every transaction affects at least two accounts, with total debits equaling total credits. It supports error detection and reliable financial statements.

Assets equal liabilities plus owner's equity. Every recorded transaction preserves this balance, which underpins the balance sheet.

A listing of all account balances at a point in time to verify that total debits equal total credits. It detects arithmetic errors but not all errors, such as omitted transactions.

The amount of substance containing 6.022 x 10^23 representative particles. It links countable particles to measurable mass through molar mass.

The mass in grams of one mole of a substance, numerically equal to its formula mass in atomic mass units. It converts between mass and moles.

Quantitative relationships among reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. Coefficients give mole ratios used to predict yields and required amounts.

The reactant consumed first, capping the maximum product formed. Identifying it determines theoretical yield; the other reactants are in excess.

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature, it shifts in the direction that partially offsets the disturbance.

A reversible reaction state in which forward and reverse rates are equal, so concentrations remain constant over time. It is dynamic, not a condition of no reaction.

The theory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into rigid plates that move over the asthenosphere, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building at their boundaries.

A plate margin where two plates move toward each other, producing subduction, deep ocean trenches, volcanic arcs, or continental mountain belts depending on plate types involved.

Vibrations generated by earthquakes or explosions that travel through Earth. P-waves and S-waves reveal internal structure because they refract and change speed at layer boundaries.

The apparent deflection of moving air or water caused by Earth's rotation, to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern. It shapes global wind belts and ocean currents.

Movement that travels from one place to another, such as walking, running, jumping, hopping, skipping, galloping, and sliding. These are foundational skills in early physical education and dance.

Movement performed in place without transferring body weight to a new location, such as bending, twisting, stretching, pushing, and turning. It contrasts with traveling actions.

Basic movement patterns including locomotor, nonlocomotor, and manipulative skills such as throwing and catching. Competence in these underpins later participation in dance, games, and sports.

Responsible, safe, and ethical use of technology, covering online safety, privacy, respectful communication, digital footprint, and legal use of digital resources.

Standardized public copyright licenses that let creators grant permission to share and adapt their work under stated conditions, such as attribution or noncommercial use.

A school document defining permitted and prohibited uses of district technology and networks, including consequences for violations. Staff and students typically must acknowledge it.

A disability characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior originating before age 18. Instruction emphasizes functional skills, repetition, and concrete supports.

A legally required written plan for a student eligible for special education, specifying present levels, measurable goals, services, accommodations, and placement determined by a team.

The legal requirement that students with disabilities be educated alongside peers without disabilities to the maximum extent appropriate, with removal only when supports cannot make inclusion successful.

A set of lessons organized around a central topic or question that integrates multiple content areas, helping young children connect learning across subjects and real-world contexts.