MTLE (Philippines PRC Health Exams) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Object permanence

Piaget's sensorimotor achievement in which a child understands that objects continue to exist when out of sight, typically developing between about 8 and 12 months of age.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the range between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable adult or peer.

Parallel play

A play stage in which young children play side by side with similar materials but without shared goals or sustained interaction, common among toddlers.

Phonemic awareness

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual phonemes in spoken words, such as blending sounds or deleting the first sound from a word.

Formative assessment

Ongoing checks during instruction, such as exit tickets or questioning, used to adjust teaching while learning is still in progress rather than to assign final grades.

Concrete-representational-abstract

An instructional sequence that introduces a math concept with manipulatives, then drawings or models, then symbols and algorithms, supporting number sense development.

Backward design

A planning approach that starts by identifying desired results, then determines acceptable evidence of learning, and only then designs instructional activities.

Differentiation

Adapting content, process, or product to students' readiness, interests, and learning profiles while keeping the same essential learning goals for all.

Disciplinary literacy

Teaching the specialized reading, writing, and reasoning practices of a content area, such as sourcing historical documents or interpreting scientific data tables.

Supervised Agricultural Experience

A required component of agricultural education in which students plan and conduct work-based, entrepreneurial, research, or service projects outside class time.

Ruminant digestion

A four-compartment stomach system in cattle, sheep, and goats in which microbial fermentation breaks down fibrous feed before digestion and absorption.

Integrated pest management

A decision framework that combines cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical controls, using chemicals only when monitoring shows thresholds are exceeded.

Accounting equation

Assets equal liabilities plus owner's equity; every business transaction changes at least two accounts while keeping this equation in balance.

Break-even point

The sales volume at which total revenue equals total costs, calculated as fixed costs divided by the difference between unit price and unit variable cost.

Molarity

A concentration unit expressing moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution, abbreviated M; dilutions satisfy the relationship M1V1 equals M2V2.

Le Chatelier's principle

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature, it shifts in the direction that partially offsets the disturbance.

Oxidation

A chemical change in which a substance loses electrons and its oxidation number increases; reduction is the opposite process of gaining electrons.

Dramatic irony

A literary situation in which the audience knows something important that a character does not, creating tension or humor in the narrative.

Thesis statement

A single sentence that states the central claim of an essay and previews the reasoning the writer will develop in the body paragraphs.

Rhetorical triangle

The relationship among speaker, audience, and subject, often analyzed through ethos, pathos, and logos appeals in persuasive texts and speeches.

Home row keys

The typing position where fingers rest on A S D F for the left hand and J K L semicolon for the right, with raised bumps on F and J.

Digital footprint

The lasting record of a person's online activity, including posts, searches, and comments, which can affect reputation and privacy later.

Byte

A unit of digital information made of eight bits; it commonly represents one character of text and underlies measures such as kilobytes and megabytes.

Elements of dance

The five components used to describe and analyze movement: body, action, space, time, and energy, often remembered by the acronym BASTE.

Choreographic devices

Techniques used to develop movement material, including repetition, canon, retrograde, inversion, augmentation, diminution, and theme and variation.

Labanotation

A written system for recording human movement using symbols on a vertical staff, allowing dances to be preserved and reconstructed.

Individualized Family Service Plan

A written plan under IDEA Part C for infants and toddlers with delays, outlining family outcomes and early intervention services for the child.

Running record

A detailed narrative observation that records a child's actions and words in sequence, often used to assess reading behaviors and developmental progress.

Emergent literacy

The early reading and writing behaviors of young children, including print concepts, phonological awareness, letter knowledge, and oral language, before conventional reading.

S waves

Shear seismic waves that travel more slowly than P waves and cannot pass through liquids, which is evidence that Earth's outer core is liquid.

Superposition

A relative dating principle stating that in undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layers lie at the bottom and younger layers above.

Criterion-referenced assessment

A test that measures a student's mastery of specific learning standards rather than comparing performance to a norm group of other students.