Pak Army Clerk Test cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb (He goes); plural subject takes plural verb (They go).

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university).

Prepositions of time: in for months/years, on for days/dates, at for exact times.

Active to passive: object becomes subject; verb becomes be + past participle; by + agent optional.

Commonly confused: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); its (possessive) vs it's (it is).

Direct to indirect speech: change pronouns, tense backshift (present to past), and time/place words (now to then, here to there).

Punctuation: comma for separation, semicolon between independent clauses, apostrophe for possession or contraction.

Reading comprehension: identify main idea, supporting details, inference, and tone; eliminate options that are too broad or not stated.

Urdu grammar terms: اسم (noun), فعل (verb), حرف (particle), صفت (adjective), ضمیر (pronoun).

Gender: Urdu nouns are masculine or feminine; feminine often ends in ی or ات (لڑکی، کتابیں).

Plural formation: masculine sound plurals add ے or وں; feminine add یں or ات.

Sentence structure: Urdu is SOV (subject-object-verb); verb agrees with gender and number.

Common idioms (محاورے): آنکھ کا تارا (beloved), ہاتھ بٹانا (to help), دانت کھٹے کرنا (to be frustrated).

Correct spelling: distinguish between ہ and ھ, and between ی and ے in final position.

Direct/indirect (براہ راست/بالواسطہ): change pronouns and tense markers like تھا to تھا/ہے according to context.

Comprehension: locate مرکزی خیال (main idea), supporting points, and infer meaning of unfamiliar words from context.

Percentage: part = (percent/100) × whole; percent change = (new − old)/old × 100.

Ratio: a:b means a/b; to divide quantity Q in ratio a:b, shares are Q×a/(a+b) and Q×b/(a+b).

Average = sum of values / number of values; total = average × count.

Simple interest: I = P × R × T / 100; amount = P + I.

Algebra: solve linear equations by isolating variable; (a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²; (a−b)² = a² − 2ab + b².

Profit/loss: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; loss% = (CP − SP)/CP × 100.

Speed = distance/time; convert km/h to m/s by multiplying by 5/18.

Work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together time = xy/(x+y) days.

Pakistan independence: 14 August 1947; founder Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah; first capital Karachi.

Provinces: Punjab (Lahore), Sindh (Karachi), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Peshawar), Balochistan (Quetta); Islamabad Capital Territory.

Rivers: Indus is longest; tributaries Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas (Beas not in Pakistan).

Mountain peaks: K2 (8,611 m) is second highest in world; Nanga Parbat (8,126 m).

Pakistan Resolution passed on 23 March 1940 at Lahore (Minto Park).

Constitution of 1973 is current; Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic.

National symbols: national animal markhor, national bird chukar, national tree deodar, national flower jasmine.

Current events: keep updated on appointments (President, PM, COAS) and major economic indicators from reliable sources.

Five pillars: Shahadah (faith), Salah (prayer), Sawm (fasting), Zakat (charity), Hajj (pilgrimage).

Quran: 114 surahs, revealed over 23 years; first revelation in Cave of Hira (Surah Al-Alaq).

Seerat: Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) born 570 CE in Makkah; migrated to Madinah in 622 CE (Hijrah).

Salah: five daily prayers (Fajr, Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha); Fajr 2 fard, Zuhr 4, Asr 4, Maghrib 3, Isha 4.

Zakat: 2.5% on savings above nisab (approx. 87.48 g gold or 612.36 g silver) held for one lunar year.

Hajj: performed in Dhul-Hijjah; essential rites include Ihram, Tawaf, Sa'i, Arafah, Muzdalifah, Mina.

Hadith: Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim are among the most authentic collections.

Islamic months: 12 lunar months, beginning with Muharram; Ramadan is the 9th.

Physics: Newton's laws - inertia (1st), F=ma (2nd), action-reaction (3rd); speed of light ≈ 3×10⁸ m/s.

Chemistry: atom consists of proton (+), neutron (0), electron (−); atomic number = number of protons.

pH scale: 0–14; pH < 7 acidic, pH = 7 neutral, pH > 7 basic.

Biology: cell is basic unit of life; plant cells have cell wall and chloroplasts, animal cells do not.

Human body: heart pumps blood; lungs exchange gases; kidneys filter waste; liver produces bile.

Water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurs in chloroplasts.

Diseases: malaria caused by Plasmodium transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito; tuberculosis by bacteria.

Hardware vs software: hardware is physical (CPU, RAM, monitor); software is programs (OS, applications).

MS Word: Ctrl+B bold, Ctrl+I italic, Ctrl+U underline, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+Z undo.

MS Excel: formula starts with =; SUM(range), AVERAGE(range), IF(condition, true, false); cell reference like A1.

MS PowerPoint: slides, transitions, animations; F5 starts slideshow.

Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+A select all, Ctrl+F find.

Typing: home row keys ASDF JKL; ; fingers rest there; thumb uses space bar.

Internet: URL identifies web address; HTTP/HTTPS protocols; email format user@domain.

Computer storage: bit is smallest unit; 8 bits = 1 byte; KB, MB, GB, TB in increasing order.

Number series: look for differences (constant, increasing), ratios, or alternating patterns.

Letter series: convert letters to positions (A=1, B=2, …, Z=26); check forward/backward jumps.

Analogies: identify relationship (e.g., part to whole, cause to effect) and apply to options.

Coding-decoding: note shift in letters (e.g., +1 each) or reversal; apply same rule.

Blood relations: draw family tree; use symbols for male/female and relationships.

Direction sense: draw compass; net displacement uses Pythagoras if turns are right angles.

Non-verbal: pattern completion-check rotation, reflection, number of sides, shading, and position.

Odd one out: find category that most items share; the exception is the answer.