Pak Army Clerk Test key terms

A group of words that contains a subject and a verb, either standing alone as a full sentence or attaching to a main sentence to add information.

A group of related words that works as one unit inside a sentence but has no subject-verb pair, such as 'in the morning' or 'very quickly'.

A joining word such as and, but, because or although that links words, phrases or clauses and shows how the joined parts relate.

A small word placed before a noun or pronoun to show place, time or direction, for example in, on, at, under or between.

The rule that a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb, as in 'He writes' versus 'They write'.

The form of a verb that shows when an action happens, whether in the past, present or future, and whether it is finished or continuing.

A verb form used as an adjective or to build compound tenses, such as 'broken' in 'a broken window' or 'running' in 'running water'.

Two ways of presenting an action: active voice makes the doer the subject ('Ali wrote the letter'), passive voice makes the receiver the subject ('The letter was written by Ali').

Reporting words either exactly as spoken inside quotation marks or by shifting them into a reporting clause with changed pronouns and tense.

A word that carries almost the same meaning as another word in a given context, such as 'begin' and 'start' or 'quick' and 'rapid'.

A word with the opposite meaning to another word, such as 'hot' and 'cold' or 'victory' and 'defeat'.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its separate words, such as 'to bury the hatchet' meaning to end a quarrel.

A short well-known saying that states a general truth or piece of advice, for example 'A stitch in time saves nine'.

The skill of reading a passage and correctly answering questions about its main idea, supporting details, implied meaning and the writer's purpose.

A conclusion a reader draws from clues in a text rather than from a statement written out directly, such as guessing a mood from described behaviour.

وہ لفظ جو کسی شخص، جگہ، چیز یا کیفیت کا نام بتائے، جیسے احمد، لاہور، کتاب یا خوشی۔ اردو میں اسم کی اقسام میں اسمِ عام، اسمِ خاص اور اسمِ کیفیت شامل ہیں۔

وہ لفظ جو کسی کام کے کرنے یا ہونے کو ظاہر کرے، جیسے پڑھنا، جانا یا سونا۔ فعل کا زمانہ ماضی، حال یا مستقبل ہو سکتا ہے اور یہ فاعل کے مطابق بدلتا ہے۔

وہ لفظ جو کسی اسم کی خوبی، حالت یا مقدار بیان کرے، جیسے اچھا لڑکا، لمبی سڑک یا تین کتابیں۔ صفت اپنے موصوف کے بعد یا پہلے آ سکتی ہے۔

فعل کی وہ حالت جو بتاتی ہے کہ کام کب ہوا: ماضی میں گزرا، حال میں جاری ہے یا مستقبل میں ہوگا۔ اردو میں زمانے کے ساتھ فعل کی ساخت بدل جاتی ہے۔

وہ دو یا زیادہ الفاظ جن کے معنی قریب قریب ایک جیسے ہوں، جیسے 'خوش' اور 'مسرور' یا 'گھر' اور 'مکان'۔ امتحان میں اکثر ان کی شناخت پوچھی جاتی ہے۔

وہ الفاظ جن کے معنی ایک دوسرے کے اُلٹ ہوں، جیسے دن اور رات، اونچا اور نیچا، یا شروع اور ختم۔

روزمرہ گفتگو کا ایسا فقرہ جس کے الفاظ سے الگ کوئی خاص معنی نکلتا ہو، جیسے 'آنکھ کا تارا' یعنی بہت پیارا۔ اس کا مطلب الفاظ سے نہیں، رواج سے سمجھا جاتا ہے۔

ایک مختصر مشہور کہاوت جو کوئی عام سچ یا نصیحت بیان کرے، جیسے 'نو نقد نہ تیرہ اُدھار'۔ یہ اکثر کسی تجربے کا خلاصہ ہوتی ہے۔

کسی لفظ کو حروف، اعراب اور علامات کے ساتھ صحیح طریقے سے لکھنے کا عمل، جیسے 'ذمہ داری' کو غلط ہجوں کے بجائے درست شکل میں لکھنا۔

A way of expressing a number as a part of one hundred, so 45 percent means 45 out of every 100 and is written as 45/100 or 0.45.

A comparison of two or more quantities of the same kind, written such as 3:5, meaning that for every 3 units of the first there are 5 of the second.

The sum of a set of values divided by how many values there are, also called the arithmetic mean, such as 2, 4 and 6 giving an average of 4.

A mathematical statement mixing numbers, letters standing for unknown values and operation signs, such as 4x + 7 or 2a minus 3b.

A mathematical sentence stating that two expressions are equal, such as 3x + 5 = 20, which can be solved to find the unknown value.

A 1960 agreement between Pakistan and India, brokered by the World Bank, that divides the Indus river system: eastern rivers mainly to India and western rivers mainly to Pakistan.

The longest river of Pakistan, rising in Tibet and flowing through Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh before reaching the Arabian Sea near Thatta.

A large earth-filled dam on the Indus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, built in the 1960s and 1970s, used for irrigation, flood control and hydroelectric power generation.

An international organisation founded in 1945 with headquarters in New York, of which Pakistan became a member in September 1947 and has served on the Security Council several times.

A resolution passed at the All-India Muslim League session in Lahore in March 1940, demanding independent states in Muslim-majority areas and later seen as the basis of Pakistan.

A resolution moved by Liaquat Ali Khan and adopted by Pakistan's Constituent Assembly in March 1949, setting out that sovereignty belongs to Allah and power is exercised through elected representatives.

The five core acts of Muslim practice: declaration of faith (shahadah), prayer (salah), fasting in Ramadan (sawm), charity (zakah) and pilgrimage to Makkah (hajj).

The recorded life, conduct and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), studied by Muslims as a practical model for worship, honesty, justice and treatment of others.

A report of something the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, did or approved, preserved with a chain of narrators and collected in books such as Sahih al-Bukhari.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen, with chlorophyll in the leaves capturing the light energy.

The green pigment inside plant chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis and gives leaves their characteristic colour.

The release of energy from food inside living cells, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide and water; it is the reverse of photosynthesis in its overall equation.

The mass of a substance per unit volume, calculated as mass divided by volume and usually expressed in grams per cubic centimetre or kilograms per cubic metre.

A grid-based program such as Microsoft Excel in which data is entered in rows and columns of cells and can be calculated with formulas and shown in charts.

An instruction typed into a spreadsheet cell that calculates a result from other cells, always beginning with an equals sign, for example =SUM(A1:A10).

Software such as Microsoft Word used to type, edit, format and print documents, including setting font, alignment, margins and page size.

The middle row of keys on a standard keyboard where typists rest their fingers, containing A S D F on the left and J K L semicolon on the right.

Typing without looking at the keyboard, using all fingers from the home row so that each key is pressed by a fixed finger.

A typing speed measure found by dividing the number of words typed by the time taken in minutes; clerk tests often set a minimum such as 30 words per minute.

A reasoning question pairing two related items and asking for a matching pair, such as 'book is to reading as fork is to eating'.

A reasoning task in which a sequence of numbers, letters or shapes follows a hidden rule and the candidate must supply the next or missing item.

A question giving several items that share a common feature and asking the candidate to identify the one item that does not fit the rule.