Pak Army Soldier Test cheat sheet

Parts of speech: noun names a person/place/thing, pronoun replaces a noun, verb shows action or state, adjective modifies a noun, adverb modifies verb/adjective/adverb, preposition links a noun to another word, conjunction joins clauses, interjection expresses emotion.

Tenses: present simple = habit or general fact (He writes); present continuous = action now (He is writing); present perfect = past action with present relevance, formed with has/have + past participle (He has written).

Past simple uses a definite past time (He wrote yesterday); past perfect uses had + past participle for the earlier of two past actions (He had written before I arrived).

Active to passive: move the object to subject position and use be + past participle, keeping the tense (Ali writes a letter → A letter is written by Ali).

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb (The boy runs), plural subject takes plural verb (The boys run); words joined by 'and' take a plural verb, and 'each/every/either/neither' take a singular verb.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds (a book, a university), 'an' before vowel sounds (an apple, an hour), 'the' for specific or already-mentioned nouns.

Direct to indirect speech: change the reporting verb to said that, shift tense one step back (present → past, past → past perfect), and change pronouns and time words (now → then, today → that day).

Common confusions: its = possessive, it's = it is; their = possessive, there = place, they're = they are; affect = verb, effect = noun; principal = head, principle = rule.

Synonyms and antonyms are tested in context: choose the word closest in meaning (brave = courageous) or opposite in meaning (brave = cowardly), matching the part of speech of the given word.

Order of operations (BODMAS/PEMDAS): Brackets, Orders/powers, Division and Multiplication left to right, Addition and Subtraction left to right.

Percentages: part = percent × whole; increase by p% means multiply by (1 + p/100); decrease by p% means multiply by (1 − p/100).

Profit and loss: profit = SP − CP; profit % = (profit/CP) × 100; loss % = (loss/CP) × 100; always calculated on cost price.

Simple interest = (P × R × T)/100; average = sum of values ÷ number of values; speed = distance ÷ time.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; divide a quantity Q in ratio a:b as Qa/(a+b) and Qb/(a+b).

Area and perimeter: rectangle area = l × w, perimeter = 2(l + w); triangle area = ½ × base × height; circle area = πr², circumference = 2πr.

Pythagoras theorem: in a right triangle, hypotenuse² = base² + perpendicular²; Pythagorean triples include 3-4-5 and 5-12-13.

Algebra: (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²; (a − b)² = a² − 2ab + b²; a² − b² = (a + b)(a − b); solve linear equations by isolating the variable.

LCM and HCF: HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers; HCF divides both numbers, LCM is the smallest common multiple.

Pakistan gained independence on 14 August 1947; Allama Muhammad Iqbal presented the idea of a separate Muslim state in his 1930 Allahabad Address.

The Lahore Resolution was passed on 23 March 1940 at Minto Park, Lahore, demanding independent Muslim states in the north-west and east zones.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Azam Jinnah was Pakistan's first Governor-General; Liaquat Ali Khan was the first Prime Minister.

Pakistan's first constitution was enforced in 1956; the current constitution dates from 1973 and was framed under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

National symbols: national language Urdu, national animal markhor, national bird chukar partridge, national flower jasmine, national tree deodar.

Provinces: Punjab (Lahore), Sindh (Karachi), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Peshawar), Balochistan (Quetta); Islamabad is the federal capital.

Rivers of Pakistan: Indus is the longest; Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas are the Punjab rivers under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960.

K2 (Godwin-Austen), in the Karakoram range, is Pakistan's highest peak at 8,611 m and the world's second highest.

Pakistan became a nuclear power in 1998 after the Chagai tests; it joined the United Nations in September 1947.

The five pillars of Islam are Shahadah (declaration of faith), Salah (prayer), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), Zakat (obligatory charity) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah).

The Holy Quran has 114 surahs; the first revealed verses were from Surah Al-Alaq, and the longest surah is Al-Baqarah.

Salah is offered five times daily: Fajr, Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib and Isha; the Adhan is the call to prayer.

Zakat is payable at 2.5% on qualifying wealth held for one lunar year; Hajj is obligatory once in a lifetime for those who can afford it.

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was born in Makkah in 570 CE, received the first revelation at age 40 in the Cave of Hira, and migrated to Madinah in 622 CE (Hijrah).

The four rightly guided caliphs were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali; the Quran was compiled into a single book during Abu Bakr's caliphate.

Ramadan is the ninth Islamic month; fasting runs from dawn (Fajr) to sunset (Maghrib); Eid-ul-Fitr marks its end and Eid-ul-Adha follows Hajj.

Kalimah Tayyabah is 'La ilaha illallah Muhammadur Rasulullah', meaning there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is His Messenger.

The Qibla is the direction of the Kaaba in Makkah; Muslims face it during Salah, and the Kaaba is the holiest site in Islam.

Newton's laws: a body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless a net force acts (inertia); F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Speed = distance/time (scalar); velocity = displacement/time (vector); acceleration = change in velocity/time; SI unit of force is the newton (N).

Weight = mass × g, where g ≈ 9.8 m/s²; mass is constant everywhere while weight varies with gravity.

Work = force × distance moved in the direction of force (unit joule); power = work/time (unit watt); kinetic energy = ½mv².

Ohm's law: V = IR; power P = VI = I²R = V²/R; series resistors add (R = R₁ + R₂) while parallel resistors add reciprocally (1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂).

Light travels in straight lines; angle of incidence equals angle of reflection; refraction bends light toward the normal when entering a denser medium.

Sound needs a material medium and cannot travel through a vacuum; its speed is about 340 m/s in air and higher in solids.

Density = mass/volume (kg/m³); pressure = force/area (pascal); pressure in a liquid increases with depth.

Temperature is measured in kelvin (SI); heat flows from a hotter body to a colder one; 0 °C = 273 K.

An atom has protons (positive, in the nucleus), neutrons (neutral, in the nucleus) and electrons (negative, in shells); atomic number = number of protons.

A molecule is two or more atoms chemically bonded; a compound contains two or more elements in a fixed ratio, e.g. H₂O.

The periodic table arranges elements by increasing atomic number; groups are vertical columns, periods are horizontal rows.

Metals are generally lustrous, malleable, ductile and good conductors; non-metals are usually brittle and poor conductors.

Acids turn blue litmus red and have pH below 7; bases turn red litmus blue with pH above 7; neutral solutions have pH 7.

Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water, e.g. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.

Chemical vs physical change: a chemical change forms a new substance and is usually irreversible (rusting, burning); a physical change alters state or shape only (melting ice).

Common formulas: water H₂O, carbon dioxide CO₂, sodium chloride NaCl, sulphuric acid H₂SO₄, ammonia NH₃.

Balancing equations conserves atoms: the number of each element on the reactant side must equal the product side.

The cell is the basic unit of life; plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large vacuole, which animal cells lack.

Cell organelles: nucleus controls activities and holds DNA, mitochondria release energy, ribosomes make proteins, chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, using sunlight and chlorophyll in the chloroplasts.

Respiration releases energy from glucose; aerobic respiration uses oxygen and gives CO₂ and water, anaerobic gives lactic acid (muscles) or ethanol (yeast).

Human blood groups are A, B, AB and O; O negative is the universal donor and AB positive the universal recipient.

The human heart has four chambers (two atria, two ventricles); arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry it back.

Digestion: carbohydrates break down to glucose, proteins to amino acids, fats to fatty acids and glycerol; enzymes such as amylase, pepsin and lipase speed these reactions.

Classification: living things are grouped into kingdoms, then phylum, class, order, family, genus and species; binomial names give genus and species.

Blood, bones and muscles: the skeleton supports and protects organs, red blood cells carry oxygen using haemoglobin, white blood cells fight infection.

Hardware is the physical part of a computer; software is the set of programs and instructions that run on it.

Input devices send data in (keyboard, mouse, scanner); output devices present results (monitor, printer, speaker); the CPU processes data and RAM is volatile working memory.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB.

Binary uses base 2 (digits 0 and 1); decimal 5 = binary 101; each binary digit is a bit.

Operating systems such as Windows, Linux and macOS manage hardware, files and programs; application software performs user tasks like word processing.

Network types: LAN covers a small area such as an office, WAN spans large distances; the internet is a global network of networks.

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem; a flowchart shows it with standard symbols (oval = start/stop, parallelogram = input/output, rectangle = process, diamond = decision).

Malware is harmful software (virus, worm, trojan); antivirus software and strong passwords protect a system.

Email needs an address in the form user@domain; the @ separates the user name from the domain name.