PPSC Naib-Tehsildar cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb even when a plural noun sits inside a prepositional phrase ("The list of names is long").

Indefinite pronouns (everyone, each, neither, somebody) take singular verbs; "none" may be singular or plural depending on the noun it refers to.

Choose between "who" and "whom" by substituting he/him: if "him" fits, use "whom" ("To whom did you speak?").

Lie/lay: "lie" is intransitive (lie, lay, lain); "lay" is transitive and needs an object (lay, laid, laid).

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, and the doer moves to a by-phrase ("The clerk filed the report" → "The report was filed by the clerk").

Direct to indirect speech: present tenses shift back one step, pronouns change to match the reporter, and question word order becomes statement order.

Conditionals: first conditional uses if + present simple + will; second uses if + past simple + would; third uses if + past perfect + would have.

Common exam confusables: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); principal (chief/school head) vs principle (rule); stationary (still) vs stationery (writing materials).

Prepositions of time: in for months, years, seasons; on for days and dates; at for clock times and fixed expressions (at noon, at night).

Urdu alphabet has 38 letters in the standard Pakistani order; letters are written right to left and most change shape according to position (initial, medial, final, isolated).

Hamza and ain are distinct letters; do not drop ain in words like عِلم and عَمل.

Correct plural markers: ے/وں for masculine nouns (لڑکا → لڑکے), and یں/ات for feminine nouns (کتاب → کتابیں, لڑکی → لڑکیاں).

Gender agreement: adjectives follow the noun's gender and number - اچھا لڑکا, اچھی لڑکی, اچھے لڑکے.

Verb endings mark tense and person: کرتا ہے (present habitual, he), کر رہا ہے (present continuous), کرے گا (future), کیا (past).

Idioms (محاورے) are tested literally: آنکھ کا تارا = very dear person; ناک میں دم کرنا = to pester; ہاتھ بٹانا = to help.

Muhavra versus zarb-ul-misl: a محاورہ is a phrase with figurative meaning; a ضرب المثل is a complete proverb or sentence of wisdom.

Meter (بحر) and rhyme (قافیہ/ردیف): ردیف is the repeated word after the rhyme; قافیہ is the rhyming sound before it.

Major prose and poetry names: Mirza Ghalib (غزل), Allama Iqbal (شاعری: بانگ درا, بال جبریل), Mir Taqi Mir (غزل), Saadat Hasan Manto and Prem Chand (افسانہ/ناول).

Five Pillars: Shahadah (faith), Salah (five daily prayers), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), Zakat (2.5% of qualifying wealth held one lunar year), Hajj (once in a lifetime if able).

Pillars of Iman are six: belief in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, the Day of Judgment, and divine decree (qadar).

The Quran has 114 surahs; the first revealed verses are the opening of Surah Al-Alaq, and the longest surah is Al-Baqarah.

Hijrah (migration from Makkah to Madinah) occurred in 622 CE and marks year 1 of the Islamic calendar.

Zakat nisab on silver is roughly 52.5 tola and on gold 7.5 tola; the rate is one-fortieth (2.5%).

For non-Muslim candidates the ethics portion covers honesty, trustworthiness (amanah), justice, tolerance, and service to humanity as universal civic values.

Sayings of the Prophet are called Hadith; the chain of narrators is the isnad and the text is the matn. Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim are the most authenticated collections.

Ethical decision rules: truthfulness over expediency, keeping promises, avoiding bribery (rishwat), and treating all citizens equally before the law.

Pakistan gained independence on 14 August 1947 under the Indian Independence Act 1947; Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the first Governor-General.

The Lahore Resolution was passed on 23 March 1940 at Minto Park, Lahore; 23 March is now Pakistan Day.

First constitution enforced 23 March 1956; Pakistan became an Islamic Republic. The 1973 Constitution is the current one and was framed under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Four provinces: Punjab (capital Lahore), Sindh (Karachi), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Peshawar), Balochistan (Quetta); plus Islamabad Capital Territory, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Kashmir.

Rivers of Punjab from west to east: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas (Beas does not flow through Pakistan); the Indus is the longest river.

Karakoram Highway links Pakistan with China via the Khunjerab Pass; Khyber Pass links with Afghanistan.

Pakistan's highest peak is K2 (8,611 m) in the Karakoram range; the Thar Desert lies in southeastern Sindh.

National symbols: national language Urdu, national animal markhor, national bird chukar partridge, national tree deodar, national flower jasmine.

Key dates: 1947 independence, 1948 Jinnah's death, 1951 first constitution draft (Objectives Resolution 1949), 1971 separation of East Pakistan, 1998 nuclear tests at Chagai.

Largest country by area: Russia; by population: India (since 2023); largest ocean: Pacific; longest river: Nile (or Amazon by discharge).

UN founded 1945, headquarters New York; five permanent Security Council members: USA, UK, France, Russia, China.

SAARC headquarters Kathmandu; OIC headquarters Jeddah; ASEAN headquarters Jakarta; WHO headquarters Geneva.

Pakistan's neighbours: India (east), China (north), Afghanistan (west/northwest), Iran (southwest); coastline along the Arabian Sea.

Planets in order from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; the Sun is a star, the Moon a natural satellite.

Water boils at 100°C at sea level and freezes at 0°C; speed of light about 300,000 km/s; speed of sound about 343 m/s in air.

Human body: 206 bones in an adult, heart has four chambers, largest organ is the skin, blood is pumped by the left ventricle to the body.

Currency and capitals quick facts: Japan–Tokyo (yen), China–Beijing (yuan), Saudi Arabia–Riyadh (riyal), Turkey–Ankara (lira), Iran–Tehran (rial).

Current-affairs anchors: check the latest UN Secretary-General, Pakistan's President and Prime Minister, Chief Election Commissioner, and the current fiscal-year budget figures.

Percentage change = (new − old) / old × 100; a 20% increase followed by a 20% decrease leaves 96% of the original, a net 4% loss.

Profit/loss percent is always calculated on cost price: Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100)^T.

Average = sum of items / number of items; if a group average and subgroup averages are known, use weighted average.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; to divide N in ratio a:b:c, share = N × part / total parts.

Time, speed, distance: Distance = Speed × Time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18.

Work: if A finishes in x days and B in y days, together they finish in xy/(x + y) days.

Area and perimeter: rectangle A = l×w, P = 2(l+w); circle A = πr², C = 2πr; triangle A = ½ × base × height.

Number series and LCM/HCF: HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers; for fractions, HCF of numerators over LCM of denominators gives the HCF.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurring in chloroplasts using chlorophyll.

States of matter: solid (fixed shape and volume), liquid (fixed volume, no fixed shape), gas (neither); sublimation is solid to gas directly.

Newton's three laws: inertia, F = ma, and equal and opposite reaction.

Electric current unit is ampere; Ohm's law V = IR; power P = VI; household wiring is parallel so each device gets full voltage.

Blood groups: A, B, AB, O; O negative is the universal donor and AB positive the universal recipient.

Vitamins: A for vision, B-complex for energy metabolism, C for immunity and collagen, D for calcium absorption, K for blood clotting.

Diseases and causes: malaria by Plasmodium via female Anopheles mosquito; dengue by virus via Aedes aegypti; TB by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Greenhouse gases: CO₂, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour; ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation.

SI base units: metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), kelvin (temperature), ampere (current), mole (amount), candela (luminous intensity).

Hardware vs software: hardware is physical (CPU, RAM, disk); software is programs (operating system, applications).

Memory hierarchy: registers > cache > RAM > SSD/HDD; RAM is volatile and loses data on power-off; ROM is non-volatile.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB, 1 TB = 1024 GB.

Common file extensions: .docx (Word), .xlsx (Excel), .pptx (PowerPoint), .pdf (portable document), .jpg/.png (images), .mp4 (video).

Shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+F find, Alt+Tab switch windows.

Internet basics: URL identifies a resource, HTTP/HTTPS are web protocols (HTTPS is encrypted), IP address identifies a device, DNS maps names to IP addresses.

Email fields: To (primary recipients), Cc (carbon copy, visible to all), Bcc (blind copy, hidden from other recipients).

Spreadsheet rules: every formula begins with =; relative references (A1) change when copied, absolute references ($A$1) do not.

Security basics: strong passwords, two-factor authentication, phishing is fraudulent email or message seeking credentials, and antivirus software must be updated.

Punjab Land Revenue Act 1967 governs land revenue administration; the Board of Revenue is the apex authority, with Commissioners at division and Deputy Commissioners at district level.

Tehsildar heads the tehsil revenue administration; Naib-Tehsildar assists and acts as tehsildar in his absence; Patwari maintains village records at the lowest tier.

Key registers: Jamabandi (record of rights, revised usually every four years), Khasra Girdawari (crop inspection), Shajra Nasab (genealogy), and Register of Mutations (register intiqal).

Mutation (intiqal) records a change in ownership or rights; it is entered by the Patwari and attested by the Tehsildar or Naib-Tehsildar after notice to affected parties.

Partition (taqseem) divides joint holdings among co-sharers; consolidation of holdings (tark-e-mawakhat) rearranges fragmented land into compact blocks.

Land revenue is assessed on the basis of soil classification and crop rates; collection is recorded in the revenue record and arrears are recovered as arrears of land revenue.

The Punjab Tenancy Act 1887 governs landlord–tenant relations; the Punjab Pre-emption Act deals with rights of pre-emption in sale of immovable property.

Appeals and review: orders of a revenue officer generally go in appeal to the next higher revenue officer, and revision lies with the Commissioner or Board of Revenue as prescribed.

Land records digitization: Arazi Record Center issues Fard-e-Malkiat (record of rights extract) and the Punjab Land Records Authority (PLRA) maintains the computerized system.