PPSC Naib-Tehsildar flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Subject-verb agreement rule

A verb agrees with its subject in number and person, not with a noun in an intervening prepositional phrase; singular subjects take singular verbs even when followed by plural nouns.

Lie versus lay

Lie is intransitive and means to recline (lie, lay, lain). Lay is transitive and needs an object, meaning to place something down (lay, laid, laid).

Affect versus effect

Affect is usually a verb meaning to influence; effect is usually a noun meaning a result. Effect as a verb means to bring about, as in to effect change.

Active to passive voice

The object becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of be plus the past participle, and the original subject moves into an optional by-phrase.

Urdu alphabet count

The standard Urdu alphabet contains 38 letters written right to left; most letters change shape depending on whether they appear initially, medially, finally, or in isolation.

Muhavra versus zarb-ul-misl

A muhavra is a short phrase with figurative meaning used inside a sentence, while a zarb-ul-misl is a complete proverb expressing a general truth.

Urdu feminine plural marker

Feminine nouns typically form plurals with یں or ات, as in کتاب to کتابیں and لڑکی to لڑکیاں, while masculine nouns take ے or وں.

Radeef and qafiya

In Urdu poetry, radeef is the word or phrase repeated after the rhyme at each line end, and qafiya is the rhyming sound that precedes the radeef.

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahadah (declaration of faith), Salah (five daily prayers), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), Zakat (annual alms on wealth), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah once if able).

Zakat rate and nisab

Zakat is 2.5 percent, one-fortieth, of qualifying wealth held for one lunar year above the nisab threshold, commonly about 7.5 tola of gold or 52.5 tola of silver.

Hijrah and Islamic calendar

The Hijrah was the Prophet's migration from Makkah to Madinah in 622 CE; it marks year one of the Hijri lunar calendar used for Islamic dates.

Isnad and matn

In Hadith terminology, isnad is the chain of narrators through whom a report is transmitted, and matn is the actual text or content of the report.

Lahore Resolution date

The Lahore Resolution demanding independent Muslim states was passed on 23 March 1940 at Minto Park, Lahore; the date is commemorated annually as Pakistan Day.

1973 Constitution features

Pakistan's current constitution was enforced on 14 August 1973, established a parliamentary federal system, and declares Islam the state religion with Urdu as the national language.

K2 location and height

K2, also called Godwin-Austen, rises 8,611 metres in the Karakoram range and is the highest peak in Pakistan and the second highest in the world.

Indus River course

The Indus is Pakistan's longest river, rising in Tibet, flowing through Gilgit-Baltistan and Sindh, and draining into the Arabian Sea near Thatta.

SAARC headquarters

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal, and was founded in 1985 by seven South Asian states.

Planet order from Sun

The eight planets in order are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; Pluto is classified as a dwarf planet since 2006.

Universal blood donor group

O negative blood is called the universal donor because it lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, so it can be transfused to patients of any ABO and Rh type.

Speed of sound in air

Sound travels through air at roughly 343 metres per second at 20 degrees Celsius, far slower than light, which travels about 300,000 kilometres per second.

Percentage change formula

Percentage change equals the new value minus the old value, divided by the old value, multiplied by 100; a positive result is an increase.

Profit percent on cost

Profit percent equals selling price minus cost price, divided by cost price, multiplied by 100; loss percent uses the same denominator and a negative numerator.

Combined work formula

If A completes a job in x days and B in y days, working together they finish in xy divided by x plus y days, assuming independent constant rates.

HCF and LCM relation

For two positive integers, the product of their highest common factor and lowest common multiple equals the product of the two numbers themselves.

Photosynthesis equation

Six molecules of carbon dioxide plus six of water, using light energy and chlorophyll in chloroplasts, produce one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules.

Ohm's law

Voltage equals current multiplied by resistance, written V = IR; electric power in a circuit equals voltage multiplied by current, P = VI.

Malaria transmission

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which needs blood for egg development.

Byte and bit

One byte consists of eight bits; storage units scale by 1024, so one kilobyte is 1024 bytes and one megabyte is 1024 kilobytes.

Absolute versus relative reference

In spreadsheets, a relative reference such as A1 shifts when copied, while an absolute reference such as $A$1 stays fixed because dollar signs lock column and row.

Phishing definition

Phishing is a fraudulent email, message, or website that impersonates a trusted party to trick users into revealing passwords, card numbers, or other credentials.

Jamabandi record

Jamabandi is the Punjab record of rights listing landowners, cultivators, and shares in each khasra number; it is revised periodically, commonly every four years.

Mutation in land revenue

A mutation, or intiqal, is an entry recording a change in ownership or land rights; the Patwari reports it and the Tehsildar or Naib-Tehsildar attests it after notice.