PPSC Naib-Tehsildar key terms

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in the same language, such as 'begin' and 'commence'. Questions often ask you to pick the closest match from four options.

A word whose meaning is opposite to another word, such as 'hot' and 'cold'. Antonym questions test whether you can spot contrast in meaning among the given choices.

A relationship question that states a pair of words with a logical link and asks you to complete a second pair with the same link, for example doctor is to hospital as teacher is to school.

A fixed group of words whose meaning cannot be worked out from the individual words, such as 'to bury the hatchet' meaning to end a quarrel. Idioms are tested in both English and Urdu papers.

A short traditional saying that expresses a common truth or piece of advice, such as 'a stitch in time saves nine'. Candidates are often asked to match a proverb with its correct meaning.

A small word placed before a noun or pronoun to show position, direction, or time, such as in, on, at, by, and with. Choosing the correct preposition is a frequent error-spotting item.

A sentence pattern in which the subject performs the action, as in 'The clerk filed the report'. The passive form reverses this so the object becomes the subject.

Reporting someone's exact words inside quotation marks, as in 'She said, "I will come."' Converting it to indirect speech changes pronouns, tense, and time words according to fixed rules.

An Urdu phrase with a settled figurative meaning that differs from the literal sense of its words. Urdu papers ask candidates to use a muhawara correctly in a sentence or to explain its meaning.

A well-known Urdu saying that carries a moral or practical lesson, drawn from folk experience. Questions require matching the saying to its correct explanation rather than a literal translation.

The Urdu grammar rule for changing a singular noun into its plural form, which follows patterns rather than one simple suffix. Correct plural use is a standard objective item in Urdu papers.

The classification of Urdu nouns as masculine or feminine, which affects verb and adjective agreement. Gender errors are a common item type, so memorising noun gender is essential.

The agreement of qualified Muslim jurists of a given era on a point of Islamic law. It is accepted as a secondary source after the Quran and Sunnah in Sunni legal thought.

Deriving a ruling for a new case by comparing it to an established case with the same effective cause. It is the fourth source of law in classical Sunni jurisprudence after the Quran, Sunnah, and Ijma.

The practice and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, recorded in hadith collections, which serve as a guide for Muslims alongside the Quran. It is a primary source of Islamic law.

The obligatory annual charity in Islam, paid on wealth that exceeds a set minimum (nisab) at a fixed rate. It is one of the five pillars and is administered under state law in Pakistan.

The 1949 resolution of Pakistan's Constituent Assembly stating that sovereignty belongs to Allah and that Muslims shall be enabled to live according to Islamic principles. It became a substantive part of the Constitution through the Eighth Amendment.

The 1940 resolution passed at the All-India Muslim League session in Lahore demanding independent states for Muslim-majority regions. It is regarded as the formal demand that led to Pakistan.

Pakistan's current constitution, adopted on 14 August 1973, which established a parliamentary federal system and declares Islam the state religion. It has been amended many times, including the Eighteenth Amendment.

A constitutional body of the federal and provincial governments that decides on subjects shared between them, such as natural resources. The prime minister chairs it and provincial chief ministers are members.

A legislature with two houses, in Pakistan's case the National Assembly and the Senate. Bills generally require passage by both houses before they become law.

The line of latitude about 23.5 degrees north of the equator, passing through Pakistan near Jacobabad. It marks the northern limit of the sun's apparent overhead position.

Land lying between two rivers that converge, a term common in Punjab where the area between the Jhelum and Chenab is called the Chaj Doab. Doabs define much of the province's agriculture.

The two main crop seasons of Pakistan. Kharif crops such as rice and cotton are sown in summer and harvested in autumn, while Rabi crops such as wheat are sown in winter and harvested in spring.

A comparison of two quantities by division and a statement that two ratios are equal. Problems usually ask you to divide an amount among partners in a given ratio.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred, used to compare quantities on a common scale. Typical items ask for percentage increase, decrease, or a share of a total.

The sum of a set of values divided by how many values there are. Questions often give the average and ask you to find a missing value or the new average after a change.

Interest calculated only on the original principal, using the formula principal times rate times time divided by one hundred. It ignores interest earned in earlier periods, unlike compound interest.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make food and release oxygen. Chlorophyll in the leaves captures the light energy needed for the reaction.

Organic substances needed in small amounts for normal growth and health, obtained mainly from food. Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy and deficiency of vitamin D weakens bones.

The classification of blood by the presence of A and B antigens and the Rh factor, giving groups A, B, AB, and O. Group O negative is called the universal donor for red cells.

The fast, temporary working memory of a computer that holds programs and data currently in use. Its contents are lost when power is switched off, which is why work must be saved to storage.

The system software that manages hardware, files, and programs and provides a user interface, such as Windows or Linux. It lets application software run without dealing with hardware directly.

Software that arranges data in rows and columns of cells and recalculates formulas automatically, such as Microsoft Excel. It is widely used in offices for budgets, lists, and land records.

The record of rights maintained for each village in Punjab, listing landowners, their shares, and the nature of their holdings. It is the primary evidence of land ownership used in revenue administration.

The number identifying a specific field or plot within a village for revenue records. Khasra numbers link the field map to the entries in the jamabandi and other registers.

The formal entry in revenue records that transfers a right, title, or interest in land to another person, such as through sale or inheritance. It is sanctioned by the revenue officer after due process.

The revenue officer in charge of a tehsil, responsible for land revenue collection, mutation sanction, and supervision of patwaris and girdawars. The naib-tehsildar assists and may hold delegated powers.

The village-level revenue official who maintains land records, reports crop changes, and collects basic field information. The patwari works under the tehsildar and reports through the girdawar circle.

The revenue officer in charge of a circle of villages who checks the work of patwaris and verifies crop and mutation entries. The post is also called qanungo in some provinces.

The genealogical tree kept in revenue records that shows how a holding has descended through generations of a family. It is used to settle inheritance shares among legal heirs.

The senior administrative officer in charge of a division, supervising deputy commissioners and tehsil administration within it. The commissioner also hears certain revenue and administrative appeals.