PPSC Tehsildar cheat sheet

Pakistan became independent on 14 August 1947; the Radcliffe Award demarcating the India-Pakistan boundary was announced on 17 August 1947.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah served as Pakistan's first Governor-General (15 August 1947 – 11 September 1948); Liaquat Ali Khan was the first Prime Minister (1947–1951).

The Objectives Resolution was passed by the Constituent Assembly on 12 March 1949, moved by Liaquat Ali Khan; it became a substantive part of the Constitution through Article 2A in 1985.

Pakistan's first constitution was enforced on 23 March 1956; the second on 8 June 1962; the present Constitution on 14 August 1973.

The Indus Waters Treaty was signed at Karachi on 19 September 1960 between Ayub Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru, brokered by the World Bank; the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) were allotted to India and the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) largely to Pakistan.

Pakistan's highest peak is K2 (8,611 m) in the Karakoram range; the country's longest river is the Indus, and the Thar Desert lies in southeastern Sindh.

The national language is Urdu (Article 251); the national animal is the markhor, national bird the chukar partridge, and national tree the deodar.

Pakistan joined the United Nations on 30 September 1947 and became a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) at its founding in 1969.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; compound subjects joined by 'and' take a plural verb unless they form a single idea (e.g., 'bread and butter is').

Use 'fewer' with countable nouns and 'less' with uncountable nouns; 'amount' pairs with uncountable nouns, 'number' with countable ones.

Correct preposition pairs: 'comprise' takes no 'of' (the committee comprises ten members); 'consist of', 'differ from', 'superior to', 'inferior to', 'prefer to'.

Active-to-passive conversion: object becomes subject, verb becomes 'be + past participle', and the original subject moves to a 'by' phrase or is dropped.

Direct-to-indirect speech: shift present to past tense, change pronouns to match the reporter, and adjust time/place words (now→then, today→that day, here→there).

Commonly confused words: 'affect' (verb, to influence) vs 'effect' (noun, result); 'principal' (main/head) vs 'principle' (rule); 'stationary' (not moving) vs 'stationery' (writing materials).

Idiom 'to bell the cat' means to undertake a risky task on behalf of others; 'a bolt from the blue' means a sudden, unexpected event.

Antonym/synonym pairs frequently tested: 'benevolent' (kind) ↔ 'malevolent'; 'frugal' (thrifty) ↔ 'extravagant'; 'candid' (frank) ↔ 'evasive'.

Urdu is written right-to-left in a modified Perso-Arabic script; it has 38 letters in the standard alphabet, including retroflex and aspirated consonants.

The ghazal consists of couplets (sher) with a consistent radif and qafiya; the matla is the opening couplet and the maqta the closing one containing the poet's takhallus.

Major Urdu poets: Mir Taqi Mir (18th century), Mirza Ghalib, Allama Iqbal, Faiz Ahmed Faiz, and Ahmad Faraz; prose masters include Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Prem Chand.

Iqbal's 'Bang-e-Dra' (1924) and 'Bal-e-Jibril' (1935) are collections of Urdu poetry; 'Asrar-e-Khudi' (1915) is in Persian.

Urdu grammar: nouns carry gender (masc./fem.) and number; the genitive is formed with 'ka/ke/ki' agreeing with the possessed noun, not the possessor.

Common idioms (muhavare): 'aankh ka tara' = very dear; 'haath malna' = to regret; 'naak katna' = to be disgraced; 'sar par paon rakhna' = to behave arrogantly.

The Urdu alphabet's aspirated letters (e.g., بھ, پھ, تھ) are distinct phonemes; retroflex sounds ٹ, ڈ, ڑ have no counterpart in Arabic.

Urdu was adopted as a medium of instruction in Punjab in 1889 and became Pakistan's national language under Article 251 of the 1973 Constitution.

The Five Pillars of Islam are Shahadah (declaration of faith), Salah (prayer), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), Zakat (obligatory alms), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Makkah).

The Qur'an contains 114 surahs; the longest is Al-Baqarah (286 verses) and the shortest is Al-Kawthar (3 verses).

Zakat is due at 2.5% (one-fortieth) on wealth held for one lunar year above the nisab threshold; nisab is commonly computed as 7.5 tola gold or 52.5 tola silver.

The Hijrah (migration from Makkah to Madinah) occurred in 622 CE and marks the start of the Islamic calendar.

The four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Khulafa-e-Rashideen) were Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Islam's core ethical principles include 'adl (justice), ihsan (benevolence), amanah (trustworthiness), and sidq (truthfulness); riba (usury) and ghibah (backbiting) are prohibited.

The last sermon (Khutbah) of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) at Arafat emphasised sanctity of life, property, and honour, and equality of all believers regardless of race.

Sources of Islamic law are the Qur'an, Sunnah, Ijma (consensus), and Qiyas (analogical reasoning); Ijtihad denotes independent juristic reasoning.

The Patwari (village accountant) maintains the record of rights and is supervised by the Tehsildar; the Girdawar (Qanungo) supervises several Patwaris in a circle.

Land revenue is assessed on the basis of soil classification and crop rates recorded in the jamabandi; the kharif and rabi harvests are assessed separately.

Key land records: shajra nasab (genealogy), shajra kishtwar (field map), jamabandi (record of rights), khasra (field register), and mutabarat (village account).

The Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1967 governs attestation of mutations, partition of land, and appointment of Lambardars and Zaildars in Punjab.

Mutation (intiqal) records change of ownership and must be attested by the Tehsildar or a revenue officer empowered under the relevant Land Revenue Act.

Section 44 of the Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1967 prescribes the procedure for making entries in the record of rights; Section 45 requires the annual jamabandi to be prepared.

The Board of Revenue is the apex revenue authority in each province; the hierarchy is Board of Revenue → Commissioner → Deputy Commissioner → Assistant Commissioner → Tehsildar → Naib Tehsildar.

A Tehsildar exercises magisterial and revenue functions including attestation of mutations, recovery of government dues as arrears of land revenue, and supervision of Patwaris.