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Professional Scrum Master I (PSM I) practice questions

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Question 1Scrum Theory and Empiricism

What does empiricism mean in the context of Scrum?

  1. Knowledge comes from following a defined process that eliminates all variation
  2. Knowledge comes from senior management forecasts and market analysis
  3. Knowledge comes from detailed up-front documentation agreed by the stakeholders
  4. Knowledge comes from experience, and decisions are based on what is observed Correct answer.

Explanation

Empiricism holds that knowledge comes from experience and that decisions should be based on observation. Scrum applies this by working in small increments, so that what is actually observed informs the next decision.

Question 2Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Which three pillars underpin every implementation of Scrum?

  1. Commitment, focus and respect
  2. Planning, executing and controlling
  3. Transparency, inspection and adaptation Correct answer.
  4. Analysis, design and delivery

Explanation

The Scrum Guide names transparency, inspection and adaptation as the three pillars of empirical process control. All three must be present for Scrum to work as intended.

Question 3Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Which set lists the five Scrum values?

  1. Commitment, focus, openness, respect and courage Correct answer.
  2. Planning, courage, respect, focus and quality
  3. Openness, respect, quality, commitment and delivery
  4. Courage, transparency, commitment, focus and trust

Explanation

The five Scrum values are commitment, focus, openness, respect and courage. Teams that live these values build the trust needed for the pillars of empiricism to function.

Question 4Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Scrum is founded on which approach to controlling work?

  1. Stage-gate control based on formal sign-off at each phase
  2. Statistical process control based on eliminating all variation
  3. Empirical process control based on observation and adaptation Correct answer.
  4. Predictive process control based on detailed up-front planning

Explanation

Scrum is founded on empirical process control, in which decisions are made on what is observed rather than on a detailed prediction. Predictive and stage-gate approaches assume the future can be planned accurately in advance.

Question 5Scrum Theory and Empiricism

How does the Scrum Guide describe Scrum?

  1. A detailed methodology that prescribes every activity the team performs
  2. A lightweight framework for adaptive solutions to complex problems Correct answer.
  3. A software development lifecycle model with defined phases
  4. A project management method focused on fixed scope and deadlines

Explanation

The Scrum Guide defines Scrum as a lightweight framework that helps people, teams and organisations generate value through adaptive solutions for complex problems. It deliberately leaves the choice of techniques to the people using it.

Question 6Scrum Theory and Empiricism

What does transparency mean in Scrum?

  1. The process and the work are visible to those doing and receiving it Correct answer.
  2. All stakeholders can access the source code and the documentation at any time
  3. Every meeting is recorded and published to the whole organisation
  4. The Product Owner reports progress to senior management every week

Explanation

Transparency means the emergent process and the work are visible to those performing it and those receiving it. It requires a shared standard so that everyone interprets what they see in the same way.

Question 7Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Which statement best describes inspection as a Scrum pillar?

  1. It removes the need for adaptation once the Increment is accepted
  2. It should happen only once, at the end of the project
  3. It is carried out exclusively by people outside the Scrum Team
  4. It should be frequent enough to detect variance promptly Correct answer.

Explanation

Inspection is the regular examination of artefacts and of progress toward agreed goals. The Scrum Guide advises that it be frequent enough to detect undesirable variances, but not so frequent that it interferes with the work.

Question 8Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Which statement best describes adaptation in Scrum?

  1. It happens when a deviation puts the result outside acceptable limits Correct answer.
  2. It is performed by the PMO after each release goes live
  3. It is unnecessary when the plan was approved by the stakeholders
  4. It is permitted only at the start of a new fiscal year

Explanation

Adaptation is the adjustment of the process or of the produced work when inspection reveals that one or more aspects deviate outside acceptable limits. Adjustments should be made as soon as possible to limit further deviation.

Question 9Scrum Theory and Empiricism

At a Sprint Review, users say a new feature solves the wrong problem, and the team revises the Product Backlog in response. Which pillar does this response most directly represent?

  1. Self-management, because the team chose the change itself
  2. Inspection, because the feature was demonstrated at the event
  3. Adaptation, because the team adjusts based on what it learned Correct answer.
  4. Transparency, because the feature was shown to the users

Explanation

The demonstration is inspection, and acting on the feedback by changing course is adaptation. Scrum keeps these close together so that adjustments happen while they are still inexpensive.

Question 10Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Why must transparency in Scrum rest on a common standard?

  1. So that the Definition of Done never has to change
  2. So that managers can compare different teams using identical productivity metrics
  3. So that the team does not need to document its work at all
  4. So that people inspecting the work reach the same understanding of it Correct answer.

Explanation

Transparency is only useful when everyone shares the same standard for what they are seeing; otherwise observers draw different conclusions from the same facts. Scrum uses the artefacts and the Definition of Done to provide that shared standard.

Question 11Scrum Theory and Empiricism

The Scrum Guide describes Scrum as intentionally incomplete. What does that mean in practice?

  1. Teams must add missing roles before they can begin using Scrum
  2. Teams fill the gaps with practices that suit their context Correct answer.
  3. Teams must obtain approval before changing any part of the framework
  4. Teams must apply every prescribed practice exactly as written

Explanation

The Scrum Guide defines only the parts of Scrum needed to implement its theory, leaving the rest open. Teams are expected to fill the gaps with practices, techniques and tools that fit their context.

Question 12Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Which activity most directly demonstrates the inspection pillar?

  1. The Developers updating the Sprint Backlog during the day
  2. The Scrum Team examining the Increment at the Sprint Review Correct answer.
  3. The Scrum Master coaching the team on the Scrum values
  4. The Product Owner ordering the Product Backlog by value

Explanation

The Sprint Review is the formal event in which the Scrum Team and stakeholders inspect the Increment and progress toward the Product Goal. That inspection then informs adaptation of the Product Backlog.

Question 13Scrum Theory and Empiricism

What does it mean that the Scrum Team is cross-functional?

  1. Members rotate into the Product Owner role on a regular schedule
  2. The team includes at least one member from every department in the organisation
  3. Members together hold the skills needed to create value each Sprint Correct answer.
  4. Each member is trained to perform every team role equally well

Explanation

Cross-functional means the team as a whole has all the competencies needed to create value in every Sprint. It does not require every individual to be able to perform every job.

Question 14Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Which statement describes a self-managing Scrum Team?

  1. A team that is accountable to no one outside the team
  2. A team whose line manager assigns tasks and reviews every decision
  3. A team that sets its own budget without reference to the organisation
  4. A team that decides internally who does what, when and how Correct answer.

Explanation

A self-managing team has the authority to decide internally how to do its work: who does what, when and how. It remains accountable to the organisation and to the Product Owner for the value it creates.

Question 15Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Why does Scrum timebox its events?

  1. To let managers compare the velocity of different teams across the organisation
  2. To create regularity and limit the cost of inspection and adaptation Correct answer.
  3. To guarantee that no work carries over between Sprints
  4. To remove the need to estimate items in the Product Backlog

Explanation

Timeboxes impose a regular rhythm, so the team inspects and adapts on a predictable cadence. They also cap the effort spent on any single event so that inspection and adaptation do not consume the work itself.

Question 16Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Stakeholders cannot tell whether the Increment is finished or not. Which pillar is most weakened?

  1. Transparency, because the work's state is not understood Correct answer.
  2. Focus, because the team is distracted by feedback
  3. Adaptation, because the team cannot change its plan
  4. Inspection, because reviews are scheduled too often

Explanation

Transparency requires that the state of the work be visible and understood by those receiving it. When completeness is unclear, any inspection is unreliable and adaptation rests on a false picture.

Question 17Scrum Theory and Empiricism

How do the three pillars of Scrum relate to one another?

  1. Adaptation enables inspection, and inspection enables control
  2. Transparency enables inspection, and inspection enables adaptation Correct answer.
  3. Transparency enables adaptation, and adaptation enables inspection
  4. Inspection enables transparency, and transparency enables planning

Explanation

Transparency makes the work visible, which allows meaningful inspection; inspection then reveals what must change, enabling adaptation. Weakening any one pillar undermines the other two.

Question 18Scrum Theory and Empiricism

A Scrum Team changes direction every few days but rarely examines the Increment. How should this be described in empiricist terms?

  1. Appropriate self-management, because the team chooses its own direction
  2. Inspection without transparency, because the Increment stays hidden
  3. Healthy adaptation, because responding to change is the goal of Scrum
  4. Adaptation without inspection, so changes lack an observed basis Correct answer.

Explanation

Empiricism links the pillars in order: observation informs inspection, and inspection informs adaptation. Changing course without inspecting actual results produces guesses rather than evidence-based decisions.

Question 19Scrum Theory and Empiricism

For which type of work is Scrum designed?

  1. Complex problems where needs and technology keep changing Correct answer.
  2. Regulated work where the process must never vary between runs
  3. Simple problems where every step can be predicted in advance
  4. Routine production where variation must be eliminated entirely

Explanation

Scrum was designed for complex work, where more is unknown than known at the outset and requirements emerge over time. For such work, empirical control is more effective than trying to predict everything in advance.

Question 20Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Transparency requires a shared standard for judging the work. Which element provides that standard for the Increment?

  1. The Definition of Done used by the Scrum Team Correct answer.
  2. The Product Goal recorded at the top of the Product Backlog
  3. The Sprint Goal agreed during Sprint Planning
  4. The Sprint Backlog owned by the Developers

Explanation

The Definition of Done is the Scrum Team's shared agreement of what it means for the Increment to be complete. Because everyone applies the same definition, observers of the work reach a common understanding.

Question 21Scrum Theory and Empiricism

A Scrum Team writes a detailed two-year plan and refuses to change it regardless of what it learns. Which empiricist principle is most directly violated?

  1. Inspecting the Increment at least once in every Sprint
  2. Using a shared standard agreed by everyone to judge completeness
  3. Keeping the work visible to the people who receive it
  4. Adapting to what is observed rather than to a fixed plan Correct answer.

Explanation

Empiricism bases decisions on observation, so a plan must change when what is observed contradicts it. Refusing to adapt turns the plan into a prediction that ignores the evidence.

Question 22Scrum Theory and Empiricism

A team holds a lively Sprint Retrospective every Sprint but never changes anything afterwards. Which pillar is missing?

  1. Adaptation, because no adjustments were made Correct answer.
  2. Authority, because the team met without its stakeholders
  3. Inspection, because no one reviewed the process
  4. Transparency, because the Retrospective was not documented

Explanation

The Retrospective is the event for inspecting how the last Sprint went; the value comes from the adaptations that follow. Without any adjustment, the inspection produces no change in how the team works.

Question 23Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Which statement about the Scrum values is accurate?

  1. They are enforced through a formal certification process
  2. They are optional guidelines that teams may adopt once they mature
  3. They replace transparency, inspection and adaptation
  4. They guide behaviour and build the trust the pillars depend on Correct answer.

Explanation

The five Scrum values shape how team members behave toward each other and toward the work. Living them builds the trust that allows transparency, inspection and adaptation to function.

Question 24Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Which practice best reflects the lean thinking that underpins Scrum?

  1. Adding detailed documentation for every design decision
  2. Maximising the number of features released in each Sprint
  3. Approving work through several management layers
  4. Doing only what is essential and removing waste Correct answer.

Explanation

Scrum draws on lean thinking, which focuses on reducing waste and keeping attention on what is essential. This shows up in short Sprints, a single ordered backlog and the deliberate exclusion of non-essential work.

Question 25Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Why does Scrum favour an iterative, incremental approach?

  1. It lets teams skip the Retrospective when time is short
  2. It removes the need for stakeholder involvement during the work
  3. It offers frequent chances to inspect and adapt real results Correct answer.
  4. It guarantees a predictable final delivery date for stakeholders

Explanation

Working in iterations produces usable Increments, which give the team and its stakeholders real results to inspect. Increments also limit risk, because each small addition can be adjusted before more is built on it.

Question 26Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Scrum is founded on empirical process control. Which statement best describes empiricism?

  1. Knowledge comes from experience, and decisions are based on what is observed. Correct answer.
  2. Knowledge comes from documentation, and decisions are traced back to signed requirements.
  3. Knowledge comes from thorough upfront analysis, and decisions follow the approved plan.
  4. Knowledge comes from seniority, and decisions are validated by the highest-ranking person.

Explanation

Empiricism holds that knowledge comes from experience and that decisions should be made on what is actually observed rather than on forecasts or assumptions. Scrum applies this by making work transparent, inspecting it frequently and adapting as findings emerge.

Question 27Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Which option correctly lists the five Scrum Values?

  1. Courage, respect, commitment, trust and openness
  2. Commitment, courage, focus, openness and respect Correct answer.
  3. Focus, openness, courage, respect and transparency
  4. Respect, focus, commitment, inspection and courage

Explanation

The five Scrum Values are commitment, courage, focus, openness and respect. Together they guide how the Scrum Team behaves and make the pillars of empiricism possible in practice.

Question 28Scrum Theory and Empiricism

A Scrum Team shortens its Sprint from four weeks to one week. What is the main empiricist benefit of this change?

  1. Undesirable variances are detected and corrected sooner. Correct answer.
  2. The Product Owner no longer needs to attend the Sprint Review.
  3. Less documentation is needed to satisfy the Definition of Done.
  4. The team completes more Product Backlog items each month.

Explanation

Empirical process control depends on inspecting often enough to catch problems early, and shorter Sprints put the team in front of the Increment more often. Deviations therefore surface while they are still cheap to correct.

Question 29Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Scrum asks for frequent inspection, yet warns against inspecting so often that it gets in the way of the work. Which statement best explains this guidance?

  1. Inspection is most effective as a single event that takes place once the product is finished and released.
  2. Inspection must be frequent enough to catch problems early, without disrupting the work itself. Correct answer.
  3. Inspection should be postponed until the end of the Sprint so that it never distracts the Developers from their work.
  4. Inspection delivers value only when the entire organization participates in every inspection session.

Explanation

Inspection exists to detect undesirable variances while they can still be corrected, so it has to happen often. The limit is practical: inspection that consumes more than it reveals slows the work it is meant to serve.

Question 30Scrum Theory and Empiricism

Scrum relies on empirical process control because of the nature of product development work. Which condition best explains that reliance?

  1. Progress is measured most accurately by comparing effort spent with the original plan.
  2. Requirements can be fully specified in advance if the analysis phase is thorough enough.
  3. What works is often only clear after the team tries something and observes the result. Correct answer.
  4. The same inputs reliably produce the same outputs, so variation can be controlled.

Explanation

In complex work the relationship between cause and effect is visible only in hindsight, so predictions are unreliable and must be replaced by observation of real results. Scrum builds short cycles so that each observation can inform the next decision.

Question 31The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

According to Scrum, which set of accountabilities makes up a Scrum Team?

  1. One Scrum Master, one Product Owner, and a separate development team
  2. A Product Owner, a project manager, and Developers
  3. A Scrum Master, stakeholders, and Developers
  4. One Scrum Master, one Product Owner, and Developers Correct answer.

Explanation

A Scrum Team is a small team consisting of one Scrum Master, one Product Owner, and Developers. The Developers are the people in the team who create the Increment; there is no separate development team. These accountabilities together form one Scrum Team.

Question 32The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

Which Scrum Team member is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team?

  1. The Developers
  2. The stakeholders
  3. The Product Owner Correct answer.
  4. The Scrum Master

Explanation

The Product Owner is accountable for maximizing the value of the product resulting from the work of the Scrum Team. This is a single accountability, not one shared by a committee. The Product Owner achieves this through effective Product Backlog management.

Question 33The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

What are Developers accountable for creating during each Sprint?

  1. The Scrum Master's coaching plan
  2. A stakeholder approval document
  3. The Product Goal
  4. A usable Increment that meets the Definition of Done Correct answer.

Explanation

Developers are accountable for creating any aspect of a usable Increment that meets the Definition of Done each Sprint. The Increment is the concrete result of their work. The Product Goal and coaching plan are not the Increment.

Question 34The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

What is the Scrum Master accountable for?

  1. Creating the Increment
  2. Maximizing product value
  3. Ordering the Product Backlog
  4. The Scrum Team's effectiveness Correct answer.

Explanation

The Scrum Master is accountable for establishing Scrum and for the Scrum Team's effectiveness. This is done by enabling the team to improve its practices and by serving the team, Product Owner, and organization. The Scrum Master does not own product value, backlog ordering, or Increment creation.

Question 35The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

What is the recommended maximum size of a Scrum Team?

  1. Ten or fewer people Correct answer.
  2. Twenty or fewer people
  3. Three people
  4. Five people

Explanation

Scrum recommends a Scrum Team of ten or fewer people. This size supports communication and self-management. If the team becomes too large, it should consider reorganizing into multiple cohesive Scrum Teams.

Question 36The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

A self-managing Scrum Team means the team is responsible for...

  1. Avoiding all direction from outside the team
  2. Having no defined accountabilities
  3. Reporting to a project manager for daily decisions
  4. Deciding who does what, when, and how Correct answer.

Explanation

Self-management means the Scrum Team internally decides who does what, when, and how. This does not remove accountabilities or prevent interaction with the organization. It describes how the team organizes its own work.

Question 37The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

Which statement describes a cross-functional Scrum Team?

  1. Working across departments without a Product Owner
  2. Sharing members with other teams to cover missing skills
  3. Including only people with a single specialty
  4. Having all skills needed to create value each Sprint Correct answer.

Explanation

A cross-functional Scrum Team has all the skills necessary to create value each Sprint. The team does not depend on people outside the team for essential skills. Cross-functionality supports the team's ability to deliver a usable Increment.

Question 38The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

Which statement about the structure of a Scrum Team is correct?

  1. It is one team with no sub-teams or hierarchies Correct answer.
  2. It is led by a delivery manager above the Scrum Master
  3. It may have a separate testing team outside the Scrum Team
  4. It contains sub-teams for analysis, design, and testing

Explanation

A Scrum Team is one team with no sub-teams or hierarchies. The Scrum Master, Product Owner, and Developers are accountabilities within that single team. Creating internal sub-teams or outside reporting layers conflicts with Scrum's structure.

Question 39The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

Who is required to participate in the Daily Scrum?

  1. Anyone interested in the team's progress
  2. Only the Scrum Master and Product Owner
  3. All stakeholders
  4. The Developers Correct answer.

Explanation

The Daily Scrum is an event for the Developers to inspect progress toward the Sprint Goal and adapt the Sprint Backlog. Others may attend if useful, but they are not required participants. The event exists to support the Developers' daily planning.

Question 40The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

Who is accountable for ordering the Product Backlog to maximize value?

  1. The Developers
  2. The stakeholders
  3. The Scrum Master
  4. The Product Owner Correct answer.

Explanation

The Product Owner is accountable for effective Product Backlog management, including ordering Product Backlog items. Ordering is done to maximize value and may involve input from others. The accountability remains with the Product Owner.

Question 41The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

How does the Scrum Master serve the Product Owner?

  1. By approving the Product Owner's decisions with stakeholders
  2. By ordering the Product Backlog for the Product Owner
  3. By helping the Product Owner find techniques for effective Product Goal definition and Product Backlog management Correct answer.
  4. By taking over stakeholder communication when the Product Owner is busy

Explanation

The Scrum Master serves the Product Owner by helping with techniques for effective Product Goal definition and Product Backlog management. This includes helping establish emergent product planning and facilitating stakeholder collaboration. The Scrum Master supports the Product Owner without taking over the accountability.

Question 42The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

During a Sprint, Developers report a repeated technical blocker. What is the Scrum Master's most appropriate action?

  1. Add the blocker to the Product Backlog and wait for prioritization
  2. Instruct the Developers to work around the blocker
  3. Ask the Product Owner to reassign the affected work
  4. Cause the impediment to be removed Correct answer.

Explanation

The Scrum Master serves the Scrum Team by causing impediments to be removed. A repeated technical blocker is an impediment to progress. The Scrum Master should help resolve it rather than simply recording it or reassigning the work.

Question 43The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

Who is accountable for creating the Sprint Backlog?

  1. The stakeholders
  2. The Product Owner
  3. The Scrum Master
  4. The Developers Correct answer.

Explanation

The Developers are accountable for creating the Sprint Backlog. It is their plan for the Sprint and is updated as they learn more. The Product Owner and Scrum Master may collaborate, but they do not own the Sprint Backlog.

Question 44The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

Which accountability belongs to Developers during the Sprint?

  1. Adapting their plan each day toward the Sprint Goal Correct answer.
  2. Approving the Product Goal with stakeholders
  3. Ordering the Product Backlog
  4. Facilitating the Sprint Retrospective

Explanation

Developers adapt their plan each day toward the Sprint Goal. They inspect progress and update the Sprint Backlog as needed. This daily adaptation is part of their accountability for delivering a usable Increment.

Question 45The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

Who is accountable for creating a valuable, useful Increment every Sprint?

  1. The Scrum Master and Product Owner
  2. Only the Product Owner
  3. The whole Scrum Team Correct answer.
  4. Only the Developers

Explanation

The entire Scrum Team is accountable for creating a valuable, useful Increment every Sprint. Developers do the work of creating the Increment, while the Product Owner and Scrum Master contribute to the team's ability to deliver value. The accountability belongs to the whole Scrum Team.

Question 46The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

Which statement about the Product Owner accountability is correct?

  1. It rotates among Developers each Sprint
  2. It may be shared by a committee of stakeholders
  3. It is held by one person, not a committee Correct answer.
  4. It is optional for small teams

Explanation

The Product Owner accountability is held by one person, not a committee. That person may represent the needs of many stakeholders but remains accountable for Product Backlog management. The role does not rotate by default or disappear for small teams.

Question 47The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

Which action best reflects the Scrum Master serving the Scrum Team?

  1. Assigning daily tasks to the Developers
  2. Coaching the team in self-management and cross-functionality Correct answer.
  3. Approving which Product Backlog items are valuable
  4. Deciding the Sprint Goal for the team

Explanation

The Scrum Master serves the Scrum Team by coaching it in self-management and cross-functionality. This helps the team take ownership of its work and improve its effectiveness. The Scrum Master does not assign daily tasks, set the Sprint Goal alone, or approve backlog value.

Question 48The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

What are Developers accountable for instilling in the product?

  1. Speed by shortening the Sprint timebox
  2. Profitability by selecting high-value items
  3. Quality by adhering to the Definition of Done Correct answer.
  4. Compliance by obtaining stakeholder sign-off

Explanation

Developers are accountable for instilling quality by adhering to the Definition of Done. The Definition of Done creates a shared understanding of what it means for work to be complete. Quality is built into the Increment rather than added through external sign-off.

Question 49The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

A Scrum Team has grown to 15 people and coordination is difficult. What does Scrum suggest?

  1. Split into multiple cohesive Scrum Teams sharing the same Product Goal, Product Backlog, and Product Owner Correct answer.
  2. Keep one team but create internal sub-teams
  3. Reduce the Sprint length to one week to improve coordination
  4. Add a project manager to coordinate the work

Explanation

When a Scrum Team becomes too large, Scrum suggests reorganizing into multiple cohesive Scrum Teams. These teams should share the same Product Goal, Product Backlog, and Product Owner. Adding managers or internal sub-teams does not follow Scrum's team structure.

Question 50The Scrum Team and its Accountabilities

How does the Scrum Master serve the larger organization?

  1. By acting as the final decision-maker for product scope
  2. By removing barriers between stakeholders and Scrum Teams Correct answer.
  3. By assigning employees to Scrum Teams
  4. By managing budgets for all Scrum Teams

Explanation

The Scrum Master serves the organization by helping remove barriers between stakeholders and Scrum Teams. This is part of leading, training, and coaching the organization in its Scrum adoption. Budgets, product scope decisions, and staffing assignments are not Scrum Master accountabilities.