TExES 242 cheat sheet

Bit = binary digit (0 or 1); byte = 8 bits; 1 KB commonly = 1,024 bytes; 1 MB = 1,024 KB, while storage vendors may use decimal powers such as 1,000 bytes per KB.

ASCII encodes 128 characters in 7 bits; Unicode assigns code points across writing systems and is encoded in UTF-8, UTF-16, and other forms.

Raster images store pixel grids and lose quality when enlarged; vector images store mathematical paths and scale without pixelation. JPEG is lossy; PNG and GIF are lossless; SVG is vector.

RGB is additive color for screens; CMYK is subtractive color for print. Higher resolution in pixels per inch produces sharper output at a given physical size.

DNS maps domain names to IP addresses; DHCP assigns IP configuration automatically; HTTP and HTTPS transfer web content; SMTP sends email; FTP and SFTP transfer files.

A LAN covers a limited area; a WAN spans larger distances. A switch forwards frames within a LAN; a router forwards packets between networks; a firewall filters traffic by rules.

Spreadsheet relative references change when copied; absolute references such as $A$1 do not; mixed references fix only the column or the row. SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, IF, and VLOOKUP are common functions.

Database hierarchy: table, record or row, field or column. A primary key uniquely identifies records; a foreign key references a primary key in another table; a query retrieves data by criteria.

Algorithm properties include finite steps, unambiguous instructions, input, output, and effectiveness. Debugging locates and fixes errors; pseudocode expresses logic independently of programming syntax.

CIPA conditions E-rate funding on schools having an internet safety policy and technology protection measures; filtering applies to minors and to adults for visual depictions that are obscene or child pornography.

COPPA requires verifiable parental consent before online services collect personal information from children under 13, with limited exceptions and clear privacy notice requirements.

FERPA protects education records; parents hold rights until a student turns 18 or enters postsecondary education, after which rights transfer to the eligible student. Disclosure generally requires written consent unless an exception applies.

Fair use is judged by four factors: purpose and character of the use, nature of the copyrighted work, amount used, and effect on the potential market. Educational use is not automatically fair use.

Public domain works have no copyright protection; Creative Commons licenses grant reuse under conditions such as attribution (BY), noncommercial use (NC), no derivatives (ND), and share alike (SA).

PII includes direct identifiers such as name, student ID, or address and indirect identifiers that can combine to identify a person. De-identification lowers but does not eliminate re-identification risk.

Authentication factors are something you know, something you have, and something you are. MFA requires at least two independent factors; phishing often uses urgency, mismatched senders, and suspicious links.

WCAG principles are perceivable, operable, understandable, and robust (POUR). Section 508 applies to federal agencies and influences school procurement; the ADA prohibits disability discrimination.

An acceptable use policy defines permitted and prohibited uses of school technology and consequences for violations. Cyberbullying is repeated intentional harm through digital media, and digital footprint data can persist after deletion.

TPACK combines technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge; effective integration depends on the intersections among all three, not on technology skill alone.

SAMR levels are Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition. Substitution and Augmentation enhance tasks; Modification and Redefinition transform them, but a task can be effective at any level if it meets learning goals.

UDL provides multiple means of engagement (the why of learning), representation (the what), and action and expression (the how) to reduce barriers for diverse learners.

Formative assessment informs instruction and feedback during learning; summative assessment certifies achievement at the end of a unit or course. Frequent low-stakes checks reveal misconceptions before high-stakes testing.

Bloom's revised taxonomy orders thinking from remember, understand, and apply to analyze, evaluate, and create. Technology tasks and assessment items should align with the intended cognitive level.

Blended learning combines face-to-face and online learning and gives students some control over time, place, path, or pace. Common models include station rotation, lab rotation, flipped classroom, and flex.

Rubrics make expectations transparent and support reliable scoring. Analytic rubrics score each criterion separately; holistic rubrics assign one overall score based on the whole performance.

An LMS supports content delivery, assignments, quizzes, gradebooks, discussion, and analytics. Interoperability standards such as LTI and SCORM allow tools and content to integrate with the LMS.

Assessment security decisions depend on stakes. Low-stakes quizzes can permit open resources; high-stakes exams may require authentication, secure browsers, item banking, proctoring, and accessibility accommodations.

The strategic planning cycle is assess needs, define vision and goals, plan actions and resources, implement, monitor and evaluate, then revise based on results.

SMART goals are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound; each goal should identify a baseline, a target, a data source, and a deadline.

Total cost of ownership includes hardware, software, connectivity, installation, training, support, maintenance, and replacement. Purchase price alone underestimates lifecycle cost.

E-rate provides discounts for eligible telecommunications, internet access, and internal connections; CIPA compliance and an approved technology plan are conditions for participation.

Needs assessments draw on multiple data sources: surveys, interviews, focus groups, classroom observation, device inventory, student achievement data, and help-desk tickets.

Rogers' diffusion categories are innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Adoption is influenced by relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability.

Effective professional development is sustained, job-embedded, collaborative, and content-focused; coaching and follow-up improve transfer more than one-time workshops.

Change management involves a shared vision, leadership support, clear communication, training and support, pilot testing, feedback collection, and recognition of early wins.

Security leadership includes data and device inventories, data classification, least privilege, patching, backups, recovery testing, and an incident response plan with defined roles and notification procedures.