ICDL Online Essentials flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- URL
- Uniform Resource Locator: the address of a resource on the web, made of a scheme, a host name, and an optional path, for example https://example.com/page.
- HTTPS
- HTTP carried over an encrypted TLS connection. It protects data in transit between browser and server, but does not by itself prove the site is honest.
- Browser cookie
- A small piece of data a website stores in the browser. Session cookies last until the browser closes; persistent cookies remain until a set expiry date.
- Bookmark
- A saved link to a web page stored in the browser so it can be reopened without retyping the address. Bookmarks can be grouped in folders.
- Browser cache
- A local store of previously downloaded page elements such as images and scripts. It speeds up repeat visits but can show outdated content.
- Private browsing mode
- A browser mode that discards local history and cookies when the session ends. It does not conceal activity from the network, ISP, or employer.
- Download
- The process of copying a file from a remote server to local storage. Browsers may warn about or block executable file types for safety.
- Tab
- A separate page view within a single browser window. Multiple tabs share one window, while a new window is a separate window instance.
- Search engine index
- A large stored catalogue of web pages and their terms, built by crawlers. A search matches query words against this index rather than the live web.
- Exact phrase search
- A query with the words in quotation marks, which returns only pages containing that exact sequence of words in that order.
- site: operator
- A search operator that limits results to one domain or site, written as site:example.com followed by the search terms.
- filetype: operator
- A search operator that restricts results to one file format, for example filetype:pdf, so only documents of that type are returned.
- Minus sign exclusion
- Placing a minus sign directly before a search term removes pages containing that term from the results, narrowing the query.
- Source authority
- The credibility of a page based on author credentials, publisher reputation, and domain type. Official and peer-reviewed sources generally rank higher.
- Currency of information
- How up to date a source is, judged from its stated publication or last-updated date rather than from where it appears in results.
- Cross-checking
- Confirming a claim by comparing it against two or more independent sources, which reduces reliance on any single page that may be wrong.
- Cached page
- A stored copy of a web page kept by a search engine, viewable when the live page is unavailable or has changed since indexing.
- Web copyright
- Legal protection that applies automatically to original web content. Reusing text or images generally requires permission or a licence.
- To, Cc, and Bcc
- The three recipient fields of an email: To for primary recipients, Cc for visible copies, and Bcc for copies hidden from other recipients.
- Reply versus Reply All
- Reply addresses only the original sender. Reply All addresses the sender plus every other address in the To and Cc fields.
- Email attachment
- A file sent along with an email message. Attachments are encoded for transport and are usually subject to a size limit.
- Email signature
- A block of text such as name, role, and contact details that an email program appends automatically to outgoing messages.
- Spam filter
- Software that scores incoming messages on content and sender reputation and diverts suspected junk mail to a separate folder.
- Synchronous communication
- Communication in which participants are present at the same time, such as live chat or a video call, unlike email which is asynchronous.
- Email address format
- The structure local-part@domain, for example [email protected], where the part before the at sign identifies the mailbox.
- Mailing list
- A single address that redistributes one message to many subscribers. Unsubscribing removes the recipient from future distributions.
- Phishing
- A fraudulent message impersonating a trusted organisation to trick the recipient into revealing passwords, card numbers, or other sensitive data.
- Two-factor authentication
- A login method requiring a second proof beyond the password, such as a one-time code, an authenticator app, or a hardware key.
- Malware
- Malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorised access to a system, including viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware.
- Firewall
- A hardware or software filter that inspects network traffic against rules and blocks unsolicited or disallowed connections.
- Digital certificate
- An electronic document issued by a certificate authority that binds a public key to a domain, letting a browser verify a site's identity.
- Social engineering
- Manipulating people into breaking security procedures, for example by posing as IT support, so technical defences alone cannot prevent it.