Armenia Civil Service Exam key terms

The set of accepted rules for pronunciation, spelling, grammar, and word usage that a standard language treats as correct. Public documents and official speech are expected to follow these norms.

The system of rules governing how words are spelled in a language. Armenian orthography has undergone reforms, so candidates must know which spelling standard applies to official texts.

The rules for placing commas, periods, dashes, and other marks to make written text clear and grammatically correct. Errors in punctuation are among the most common faults in official writing.

The study of language varieties and the choice of words and constructions suited to a particular purpose or audience. Official, scientific, and colloquial styles follow different conventions.

The supreme legal act of a state that establishes the structure of government, the distribution of powers, and the fundamental rights of persons. All other laws must conform to it.

The basic principles and institutions on which a state is organized, such as sovereignty, separation of powers, and protection of human rights. These fundamentals are entrenched and hard to amend.

The division of state authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches so that no single body holds all power. Each branch checks the others within its own competence.

The principle that state authority must be exercised according to law, that laws apply equally to all, and that officials are accountable under legal rules rather than personal discretion.

The body of professional, politically neutral employees who carry out public administration in state bodies under statutory rules of recruitment, rank, and discipline. Positions are classified by category and group.

The activity of state bodies in implementing laws and delivering public services. It covers organization, decision-making, budgeting, and control within the executive branch.

A person holding a civil service position who exercises public authority or performs official duties on behalf of a state body. Their status, rights, and duties are set by civil service legislation.

A situation in which an official's private interests could improperly influence the performance of official duties. Officials are normally required to disclose and recuse themselves from such matters.

Legal responsibility of an official for breach of official duties, resulting in sanctions such as reprimand, demotion, or dismissal. It is imposed through a defined procedure with guarantees for the person concerned.

A unilateral decision issued by an administrative body that creates, changes, or terminates rights or obligations of specific persons in a particular case. It is the main instrument of administrative activity.

The statutory sequence of steps an administrative body follows when deciding an individual case, including initiation, evidence gathering, hearing, and adoption of a decision with reasons.

The procedural guarantee that a person affected by an administrative decision may present arguments and evidence before the decision is made. It supports fairness and informed decision-making.

The requirement that administrative bodies act only within powers granted by law and in the form and manner the law prescribes. Acts adopted contrary to law are subject to annulment.

An organization recognized by law as capable of holding rights and duties, entering contracts, and suing or being sued in its own name, distinct from its founders or members.

A lawful act of persons aimed at creating, modifying, or terminating civil rights and obligations. It may be unilateral, bilateral, or multilateral and must meet validity requirements.

An agreement between two or more parties establishing, changing, or ending their mutual rights and obligations. Essential terms, capacity, and free consent determine whether it is valid.

The statutory period within which a person must bring a claim to court. After it expires, the right to enforce the claim through judicial protection is generally lost, subject to exceptions.

The body of rules governing how civil disputes are heard and resolved by courts, including filing a claim, evidence, hearings, and enforcement of judgments.

A culpable and unlawful act defined as criminal by the criminal code and punishable by the state. No act is a crime unless the law in force at the time so provides.

The principle that a person accused of a crime is considered innocent until guilt is proven in accordance with law by a final court judgment. Doubt is interpreted in favor of the accused.

The obligation of the party asserting a fact to establish it with evidence. In criminal cases the prosecution bears this burden; in civil cases the claimant generally does.

An agreement between employee and employer setting out work duties, remuneration, working time, and other terms. It is the basis for the legal employment relationship and its statutory guarantees.

Termination of an employment contract by the employer or employee under statutory grounds and procedure. Unlawful dismissal may be challenged and can lead to reinstatement or compensation.

The period during which an employee must perform work duties under the contract and law, including normal hours, reduced hours for certain categories, and rules on overtime.

A system of compulsory contributions and benefits providing protection against risks such as illness, disability, old age, and unemployment. It is financed by contributions from employers and insured persons.

The annual law authorizing state revenues and expenditures. It is adopted by the legislature, executed by the government, and subject to external audit and reporting.

The cycle of drafting, reviewing, adopting, executing, and auditing the state budget. Each stage has statutory deadlines and defined participants.

A compulsory, non-refundable payment to the state imposed by law on persons or property to fund public expenditures. Its elements must be defined by legislation.

A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion, where the conclusion follows necessarily if the premises are true. Validity concerns form, not the truth of premises.

A property of an argument whereby the conclusion cannot be false if the premises are true. A valid argument may still have false premises and therefore a false conclusion.

A condition is necessary if its absence rules out the outcome; it is sufficient if its presence guarantees the outcome. Confusing the two is a frequent reasoning error.

The difference between a new and an old value divided by the old value, expressed as a percentage. It measures relative rather than absolute growth or decline.

A ratio compares two quantities; a proportion states that two ratios are equal. These tools solve scaling, sharing, and rate problems in quantitative reasoning.

Information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person. Its processing requires a lawful basis and is subject to rights of access, correction, and protection under data protection law.

A document created, stored, and transmitted in digital form whose legal force depends on authentication and integrity safeguards recognized by law.

An electronic authentication method that verifies the identity of the signer and the integrity of a document. Legally recognized signatures can substitute for handwritten ones where the law allows.