Armenia Grade 9 Leaving Exam cheat sheet

The Armenian alphabet was created by Mesrop Mashtots in 405 CE; it had 36 original letters and now has 39.

Armenian is an independent branch of the Indo-European family; Eastern Armenian is used in Armenia, Western Armenian in the diaspora.

Eastern Armenian nouns have seven cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, instrumental, and locative.

Identify case by question: nominative who/what, genitive whose, dative to whom, ablative from what, instrumental with what, locative where.

In standard Eastern Armenian, word stress normally falls on the final syllable of a word.

The 5th-century Golden Age produced Movses Khorenatsi's History of Armenia, Yeghishe's History of Vardan, and Koryun's Life of Mashtots.

David of Sassoun is an Armenian heroic epic; Sasuntsi Davit symbolizes resistance, courage, and justice.

Hovhannes Tumanyan wrote Anush and retold folk tales; Yeghishe Charents and Paruyr Sevak are major 20th-century poets.

For ax²+bx+c=0 with a≠0, x = [−b ± √(b²−4ac)]/(2a); the discriminant b²−4ac determines the number of real roots.

Pythagorean theorem: in a right triangle, a²+b²=c², where c is the hypotenuse.

Area formulas: triangle A=½bh; circle A=πr²; trapezoid A=½(a+b)h.

For y=kx+b, slope k=(y₂−y₁)/(x₂−x₁); parallel lines have equal slopes, perpendicular slopes multiply to −1.

Exponent rules: aᵐ·aⁿ=aᵐ⁺ⁿ; (aᵐ)ⁿ=aᵐⁿ; a⁰=1 for a≠0.

Percent: part = whole × rate/100; increase by p% means multiply by 1+p/100.

Arithmetic progression: aₙ=a₁+(n−1)d; Sₙ=n(a₁+aₙ)/2.

Probability for equally likely outcomes: P(event)=favorable outcomes/total outcomes.

Solve a linear system by substitution or elimination, then substitute the values into both original equations to check.

English present perfect: have/has + past participle; it links past action to present and is not used with finished past time such as yesterday.

English first conditional: if + present simple, will + base verb; second conditional: if + past simple, would + base verb.

French definite articles are le, la, les; indefinite articles are un, une, des; they agree with noun gender and number.

French passé composé uses avoir or être plus past participle; verbs with être often agree with the subject.

German definite articles are der, die, das; masculine der changes to den in the accusative case.

German main clauses place the finite verb in second position; subordinate clauses place the finite verb at the end.

Russian has six noun cases; verbs have perfective aspect for completed actions and imperfective aspect for ongoing or repeated actions.

English comparatives: short adjectives add -er; longer adjectives use more; irregular forms include good–better–best.

Urartu flourished in the 9th–6th centuries BCE, with its capital at Tushpa and many cuneiform inscriptions.

Armenia adopted Christianity as a state religion in 301 CE under King Trdat III, influenced by Gregory the Illuminator.

The Armenian alphabet was created in 405 CE by Mesrop Mashtots, enabling a national literature and school system.

The Battle of Avarayr in 451 CE was led by Vardan Mamikonian; the Treaty of Nvarsak in 484 granted limited religious freedom.

The Bagratuni kingdom lasted from 885 to 1045, founded by Ashot I, with Ani as a major capital and cultural center.

The Cilician Armenian kingdom existed from 1198 to 1375, with Sis as capital; Levon II was crowned in 1198.

The Armenian Genocide occurred during World War I; April 24 commemorates the 1915 arrests of Armenian intellectuals, and about 1.5 million Armenians died.

The First Republic of Armenia was declared in 1918 and sovietized in 1920; Armenia became independent again in 1991.

The Karabakh movement began in 1988, demanding Armenian rights in Nagorno-Karabakh; a 1991 referendum preceded full independence.

Speed v=s/t; acceleration a=(v−v₀)/t; Newton's second law F=ma.

Density ρ=m/V; pressure p=F/A; liquid pressure p=ρgh.

Ohm's law I=U/R; series resistance R=R₁+R₂; parallel resistance 1/R=1/R₁+1/R₂.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂+6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂; chlorophyll absorbs light energy.

Cell parts: nucleus holds genetic material; mitochondria release energy; ribosomes make proteins; membrane controls exchange.

Periodic table: atomic number equals proton number; groups are vertical columns; metals lie mostly left, nonmetals right.

pH below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic; litmus turns red in acid and blue in base.

Water cycle stages: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration.

Latitude lines are parallel to the equator; longitude lines converge at the poles; Armenia is mountainous with a dry subtropical climate in valleys.