Armenia Grade 9 Leaving Exam key terms

The written form of Armenian fixed in the fifth century and used for literature, scholarship and church services for over a thousand years. Modern readers meet it mainly in liturgy and in medieval texts, where its grammar differs sharply from today's spoken language.

The everyday spoken Armenian that gradually became a written literary language in the nineteenth century. Writers who used it replaced the older scholarly Grabar with a style closer to ordinary speech, opening literature to a wider reading public.

Fifth-century monk and scholar who created the Armenian alphabet around 405 AD so that Scripture and liturgy could be written in Armenian. The alphabet, with its own distinctive letter shapes and order, has been used with only minor changes ever since.

A wandering poet-musician of the Caucasus and Anatolia who sang verses while accompanying himself on a stringed instrument. Armenian ashughs such as Sayat-Nova composed in several languages and blended folk melodies with refined poetic forms.

Eighteenth-century Armenian poet and musician, born in Tbilisi, who performed at the court of the Georgian king. His songs, written in Armenian, Georgian, Persian and Azeri, are still sung, and he is seen as the greatest master of the ashugh tradition.

An oral epic of the Armenian highlands, first recorded in the nineteenth century, telling of four generations of heroes who defend their people. It is written in verse, mixes legendary and historical material, and is regarded as the national epic of Armenia.

Tenth-century Armenian monk and mystic, author of the Book of Lamentations, a long cycle of prayers meditating on human frailty and divine mercy. The work has shaped Armenian devotional language and is often read aloud as a protection against illness and misfortune.

An equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0, where a is not zero. Its solutions, up to two real or complex numbers, are found by factoring, completing the square, or using a formula built from the coefficients.

The quantity b² − 4ac computed from the coefficients of a quadratic equation. Its sign tells how many real solutions exist: positive means two, zero means one repeated solution, and negative means none.

A sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by adding the same fixed number to the previous term, such as 3, 7, 11, 15. The nth term equals the first term plus (n − 1) times the common difference.

A sequence in which each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous term by the same fixed number, as in 2, 6, 18, 54. That constant ratio may be positive, negative, or a fraction, which changes how the terms grow.

A rule that assigns to each allowed input value exactly one output value. Functions are described by formulas, tables or graphs, and their behaviour - domain, range, growth, symmetry - is a central object of study in school algebra.

A number between 0 and 1 measuring how likely an event is, where 0 means impossible and 1 means certain. In simple experiments it is the count of favourable outcomes divided by the count of all equally likely outcomes.

Two triangles are similar when their angles are equal in pairs and their corresponding sides are in the same ratio. The ratio is called the scale factor, and similarity lets you find unknown lengths and prove proportional relationships.

In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the two legs: a² + b² = c². It is used to compute distances and is the basis of the distance formula.

A verb construction in which the subject receives the action rather than performing it, formed with a form of 'be' plus the past participle, as in 'The letter was written yesterday'. It is used when the doer is unknown or unimportant.

The way of telling what someone said without quoting their exact words, often shifting tenses and pronouns, as in 'She said she was tired'. Time and place expressions usually change too, so 'today' may become 'that day'.

A helping verb such as can, must, should or may that expresses ability, obligation, permission or possibility. Modals do not take -s or -ed endings and are followed by the bare infinitive of the main verb.

A sentence made of an if-clause and a main clause, describing what happens or would happen under some condition. English has several patterns: real present conditions, unreal present ones, and past conditions that cannot now be changed.

A verb combined with an adverb or preposition that together carry a meaning different from the verb alone, such as 'give up' or 'look after'. The particle may be separated from the verb when the object is a pronoun.

The -ing form of a verb used as a noun, as in 'Swimming is healthy' or 'I enjoy reading'. Some verbs and prepositions are followed by a gerund rather than by an infinitive, and the choice must often be memorised.

An iron-age kingdom centred on the Armenian highlands around Lake Van between the ninth and sixth centuries BC. Its fortified cities, irrigation canals and cuneiform inscriptions, including those at Erebuni, are among the earliest written records from the region.

King of Armenia around 95–55 BC who expanded the kingdom into an empire stretching from the Caspian to the Mediterranean. He founded the new capital Tigranakert and later submitted to Rome, after which Armenia became a buffer between great powers.

A battle in which Armenian nobles led by Vardan Mamikonyan fought the Sassanid army to resist forced conversion to Zoroastrianism. Though the Armenians lost the field, the struggle is remembered as a defence of Christian faith and national identity.

Armenian state on the north-eastern Mediterranean coast that flourished from the eleventh to the fourteenth century. Its ports made it a hub of trade between East and West, and it maintained close ties with Crusader states and European merchants.

An agreement between Russia and Persia that ended their war and transferred the khanates of Erivan and Nakhchivan to Russia. It fixed the border roughly where the Armenian republic's boundary with Iran and Turkey later ran.

The mass deportation and killing of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during 1915–1917, in which an estimated one and a half million people died. Survivors were scattered across the Middle East, Europe and the Americas, forming today's diaspora.

The independent Armenian state declared in May 1918 after the collapse of Russian rule in the Caucasus. It lasted until Soviet power was established in late 1920, and its brief existence set precedents for later statehood claims.

The rule that the acceleration of an object equals the net force acting on it divided by its mass. It links force, mass and acceleration in one equation, F = ma, and explains why heavier objects need larger forces.

For a conductor kept at constant temperature, the current through it is proportional to the voltage across it, the constant being the resistance: I = U/R. It underpins the analysis of simple series and parallel circuits.

A substance that releases hydrogen ions in water, tastes sour, turns blue litmus red and reacts with bases to form a salt and water. Familiar acids include lemon juice's citric acid and the hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

A scale from 0 to 14 measuring how acidic or alkaline a water solution is. Values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 alkaline; each unit represents a tenfold change in hydrogen-ion concentration.

The amount of a substance containing as many particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, roughly 6.02 × 10²³. Chemists use it to convert between masses and numbers of particles in reactions.

The process by which green plants, algae and some bacteria use light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose, releasing oxygen. It supplies the food base of most ecosystems and maintains atmospheric oxygen.

The smallest unit of life that can carry out all the processes of living things, bounded by a membrane. Cells contain genetic material and machinery for building proteins; some organisms consist of a single cell, others of many.

The molecule that stores genetic instructions in living organisms, made of two strands wound into a double helix. Its sequence of four bases encodes the information cells use to build proteins and to copy themselves.

Large, slowly moving slabs of the Earth's outer shell that carry continents and oceans. Their collisions build mountain ranges, their separations open rift valleys and ocean ridges, and their sliding past one another causes earthquakes.

The continuous circulation of water between oceans, atmosphere and land through evaporation, condensation, precipitation and runoff. It distributes fresh water, shapes landscapes through erosion, and drives much of the weather.