Armenia Grade 9 Leaving Exam flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Mesrop Mashtots

Armenian scholar who created the Armenian alphabet in 405 CE, enabling translation of the Bible and development of Armenian literature and education.

Armenian alphabet letters

The original alphabet had 36 letters; later additions brought the modern Armenian alphabet to 39 letters, used in both Eastern and Western Armenian writing.

Eastern Armenian cases

Eastern Armenian has seven noun cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative, instrumental, and locative. Case endings show a noun's grammatical role.

Armenian word stress

In standard Eastern Armenian, stress normally falls on the final syllable of a word, so endings are pronounced more strongly than earlier syllables.

David of Sassoun

Armenian oral heroic epic centered on Sasuntsi Davit and his family; it is a central work of Armenian folk literature and national identity.

Hovhannes Tumanyan

Armenian poet and writer (1869–1923) known for poems, fairy tales, and retellings such as Anush and David of Sassoun.

Golden Age literature

Fifth-century Armenian literature, after the alphabet, produced translations and original works by authors such as Movses Khorenatsi, Yeghishe, and Koryun.

Quadratic formula

For ax²+bx+c=0 with a≠0, the solutions are x = [−b ± √(b²−4ac)]/(2a). The discriminant b²−4ac shows whether roots are real.

Pythagorean theorem

In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides: a²+b²=c².

Circle area

The area of a circle is π times the radius squared, A=πr². The circumference is 2πr, where r is the radius.

Slope of a line

For y=kx+b, k is the slope: k=(y₂−y₁)/(x₂−x₁). Parallel lines have equal slopes; perpendicular slopes multiply to −1.

Arithmetic progression

A sequence with constant difference d. The nth term is aₙ=a₁+(n−1)d, and the sum of n terms is Sₙ=n(a₁+aₙ)/2.

Probability formula

For equally likely outcomes, the probability of an event equals the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes.

Exponent product rule

When multiplying powers with the same base, add exponents: aᵐ·aⁿ=aᵐ⁺ⁿ. When raising a power to a power, multiply exponents: (aᵐ)ⁿ=aᵐⁿ.

Present perfect English

Formed with have/has plus past participle. It links a past action to the present; do not use it with a finished past time such as yesterday.

Second conditional English

Uses if plus past simple in the condition and would plus base verb in the result, for unreal or unlikely present situations.

French definite articles

French uses le for masculine singular, la for feminine singular, and les for plural. They agree with the noun's gender and number.

German accusative article

In German, the masculine definite article changes from der to den in the accusative case; die and das remain unchanged.

Russian verb aspect

Russian verbs are perfective or imperfective. Perfective verbs view an action as complete; imperfective verbs view it as ongoing or repeated.

English comparatives

Short adjectives usually add -er and use than; longer adjectives use more. Irregular forms include good–better–best and bad–worse–worst.

Armenia's Christian adoption

Armenia adopted Christianity as its state religion in 301 CE under King Trdat III, influenced by Gregory the Illuminator, making it the first such state.

Battle of Avarayr

Fought in 451 CE between Armenian forces led by Vardan Mamikonian and Sassanid Persia; Armenians resisted forced conversion, and the Treaty of Nvarsak followed in 484.

Bagratuni kingdom

Armenian kingdom from 885 to 1045, founded by Ashot I, with Ani as a major capital and cultural center.

Cilician Armenia

Armenian kingdom on the Mediterranean coast from 1198 to 1375, with Sis as capital; Levon II was crowned king in 1198.

Armenian Genocide date

The Armenian Genocide during World War I is commemorated on April 24, recalling the 1915 arrest of Armenian intellectuals in Constantinople; about 1.5 million Armenians died.

First Republic of Armenia

Declared in 1918 after the collapse of Russian rule, it was sovietized in 1920; Armenia became independent again in 1991.

Photosynthesis equation

Plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen: 6CO₂+6H₂O→C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂, with chlorophyll absorbing light.

Ohm's law

Current through a conductor is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance: I=U/R, where I is current, U voltage, R resistance.

Newton's second law

The net force on an object equals mass times acceleration: F=ma. Acceleration points in the direction of the net force.

Cell organelles

The nucleus contains genetic material; mitochondria release energy through respiration; ribosomes make proteins; the membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.

pH scale

pH measures acidity: values below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and above 7 are basic. Litmus turns red in acid and blue in base.

Water cycle

Water evaporates from surfaces, condenses into clouds, falls as precipitation, and returns through runoff and infiltration; the cycle continuously redistributes Earth's water.