NVO Grade 10 Bulgarian flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Narrative voice

The perspective from which a story is told; first-person uses 'аз' and limited knowledge, while third-person omniscient reveals multiple characters' thoughts.

Direct characterization

The author explicitly states a character's traits; indirect characterization shows traits through speech, actions, appearance, and others' reactions.

Central conflict

The main struggle driving the plot, such as person vs. person, nature, society, or self; identifying it helps determine the work's theme.

Tone versus mood

Tone is the narrator's attitude toward the subject; mood is the emotional atmosphere experienced by the reader.

Foreshadowing

A hint or clue early in a narrative that prepares the reader for later events, creating suspense and coherence.

Fact versus opinion

Facts are verifiable statements; opinions express evaluations or beliefs and often contain evaluative adjectives such as 'best' or 'terrible'.

Argument structure

A claim (thesis) supported by evidence and reasoning, leading to a conclusion; weak arguments rely on emotion or unsupported authority.

Cohesion devices

Linguistic links such as pronouns, synonyms, repetition, and conjunctions (however, therefore) that connect sentences and paragraphs in a text.

Text purpose

The main goal of a non-literary text: to inform, persuade, instruct, or express feeling; identified by content, structure, and vocabulary.

Bulgarian vowel system

Bulgarian has six vowels: а, ъ, о, у, е, и; the letter 'й' is a consonant and never functions as a vowel.

Voicing assimilation

Voiced consonants become voiceless before voiceless consonants and word-finally (град → [грат]); voiceless become voiced before voiced (сбор → [збор]).

Definite article rules

Bulgarian suffixes vary by gender, number, and syntactic role: -ът/-ят for masculine subject, -а/-я for object, -та, -то, -те for other forms.

Prefix spelling з-/с-

The prefix з- becomes с- before voiceless consonants (без- + полезен → безполезен; из- + ход → изход but ис- + кажа → искажа).

Comma before conjunctions

A comma precedes subordinate conjunctions (че, защото, когато, ако) and contrastive но/а; no comma before и joining homogeneous parts.

Bulgarian parts of speech

Ten categories: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, particle, interjection; only the first five inflect.

Verb categories

Bulgarian verbs are described by tense, aspect (perfective/imperfective), voice (active/passive), and mood (indicative, imperative, conditional, renarrative).

Renarrative mood

A Bulgarian verb form marking reported information not witnessed by the speaker, e.g., 'Той бил лекар' meaning 'I am told he is a doctor'.

Simple versus complex sentence

A simple sentence has one predicate; a complex sentence has two or more clauses joined by coordination (и, но) or subordination (че, защото).

Clitic pronoun placement

Short pronouns (ми, ти, го, я) normally precede the verb in neutral declarative sentences, e.g., 'Той ми каза'.

Synonymy and antonymy

Synonyms are words with close meaning but different nuance (смел - храбър); antonyms have opposite meaning (висок - нисък).

Phraseologism

A fixed expression whose meaning is not the sum of its parts, e.g., 'хвърлям прах в очите' meaning to deceive; word order is fixed.

Stylistic registers

Language varieties such as colloquial, literary, scientific, publicistic, and official, chosen according to context and audience.

Metaphor and simile

A metaphor states one thing is another (скрито сравнение); a simile compares using 'като' or 'като че ли'.

Homonymy versus polysemy

Homonyms share form but have unrelated meanings (коса = hair / scythe); polysemy is one word with related meanings (крило на птица / крило на сграда).

National Revival period

Late 18th–19th century Bulgarian cultural and political movement; key figures include Paisii Hilendarski, Sofronii Vrachanski, Botev, and Vazov.

Old Bulgarian literature

9th–14th century literature founded after Cyril and Methodius created the Glagolitic alphabet (863); Clement of Ohrid established the Ohrid literary school.

Symbolism in Bulgaria

A literary movement of the 1890s–1910s emphasizing inner experience, musicality, and suggestion; authors include Yavorov and Debelyanov.

Под игото

Ivan Vazov's 1894 novel, the first Bulgarian novel, depicting life during the National Revival and the 1876 April Uprising.

Narrative structure

The arrangement of a story: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution (denouement).

Point of view

The perspective from which events are narrated: internal (first-person), external (third-person), omniscient, limited, or unreliable.

Figures of speech

Expressive devices such as anaphora (repetition at line beginnings), antithesis (contrast), oxymoron (contradictory pair), and rhetorical question.

Thesis statement

A specific, debatable claim that guides an interpretive or argumentative essay; it should be supported by textual evidence and analysis.