ESNAMIL Examen Intelectual flashcards
ESNAMIL Examen Intelectual · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Deductive validity
- An argument is deductively valid when its conclusion cannot be false if all its premises are true; validity concerns form, not the actual truth of premises.
- Modus ponens
- A deductive rule: from a conditional statement P implies Q and the affirmation of P, one may validly infer Q.
- Modus tollens
- A deductive rule: from P implies Q and the denial of Q, one may validly infer not P.
- Affirming the consequent
- A formal fallacy: from P implies Q and Q, inferring P is invalid because Q may have other causes.
- Denying the antecedent
- A formal fallacy: from P implies Q and not P, inferring not Q is invalid because Q may occur without P.
- Correlation versus causation
- An observed association between two variables does not establish that one causes the other; confounding, reverse causation, or coincidence may explain it.
- Base rate
- The prior prevalence of a condition in a population; ignoring it can inflate posterior probability estimates when a test has false positives.
- Bayes theorem
- A formula relating prior probability, likelihood, and posterior probability: P(A|B) = P(B|A)P(A)/P(B).
- False positive rate
- The proportion of people without a condition who nevertheless test positive; it differs from the false discovery rate among positives.
- Expected value
- The probability-weighted average of all possible outcomes; for discrete outcomes it equals the sum of each value times its probability.
- Arithmetic sequence
- A number series in which consecutive terms differ by a constant amount; the next term is found by adding that constant.
- Geometric sequence
- A number series in which each term is multiplied by a constant ratio; growth is multiplicative rather than additive.
- Alternating series
- A sequence that interleaves two or more separate patterns; each subsequence must be analyzed independently to predict the next term.
- Fibonacci sequence
- A sequence where each term equals the sum of the two preceding terms, typically starting 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5.
- Polynomial differences
- Repeated first differences that become constant indicate a polynomial rule; the degree equals the number of differencing steps needed.
- Analogy relation mapping
- In verbal analogies, identify the specific relationship between the first pair and apply the same relationship, not mere topical similarity, to the second pair.
- Antonym analogy
- A word-pair relationship in which the two terms have opposite meanings; the answer pair must also be a clear opposite pair.
- Part-to-whole analogy
- A relationship where one term is a component of the other, as wheel is to car; the answer must preserve the same containment relation.
- Syllogism
- A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion; validity depends on the arrangement of quantifiers such as all, some, and none.
- Venn diagram reasoning
- A method for checking syllogisms by representing set inclusions and exclusions; a conclusion is valid only if it holds in every compatible diagram.
- Contrapositive
- The logically equivalent form of P implies Q, namely not Q implies not P; unlike the converse, it preserves truth.
- Converse error
- Mistaking Q implies P for P implies Q; the converse of a true conditional is not necessarily true.
- Working memory
- A limited-capacity system for holding and manipulating information; its constraints affect multi-step reasoning and mental arithmetic.
- Chunking
- Grouping individual items into larger meaningful units, which reduces the number of separate elements held in working memory.
- Mental rotation
- The cognitive process of imagining an object turned in space; accuracy and speed decline as the angle of rotation increases.
- Spatial visualization
- The ability to mentally manipulate, fold, or unfold two- and three-dimensional shapes and to track their orientation.
- Pattern completion
- Identifying the rule that generates a visual or numeric sequence and using it to determine the missing element.
- Matrix reasoning
- A nonverbal test format where a rule operates across rows and columns of a grid; the missing cell must satisfy all rules.
- Normal distribution
- A symmetric bell-shaped probability distribution defined by mean and standard deviation; about 68% of values lie within one standard deviation.
- Percentile rank
- The percentage of a reference group scoring at or below a given score; it is not the same as the percentage of items answered correctly.
- Standard deviation
- A measure of spread equal to the square root of the variance; larger values indicate scores farther from the mean.
- Reliability versus validity
- Reliability is consistency of measurement; validity is whether the instrument measures what it claims, so reliability is necessary but not sufficient.