ЦТ Belarusian Language study materials
ЦТ Belarusian Language study resources

ЦТ Belarusian Language: Арфаграфія: spelling rules and their application

ЦТ Belarusian Language · Work through your exam, one topic at a time.

All guide sections

Арфаграфія: spelling rules and their application

Belarusian spelling is phonetic at heart: the letter usually records the sound heard in standard pronunciation, so one root may be spelled differently in different forms. Three rules generate most of the system. Аканне: unstressed о turns into а - стол → сталы, горад → гарады. Яканне: unstressed е/ё after a soft consonant becomes я - лес → лясы, сястра (сёстры), дзяды. Дзеканне/цеканне: д and т soften to дз and ц before е, і, я, ю, ё - дзень, цень, дзеці, ціхі.

Around these sit the traps the test loves. У/ў: у opens a sentence or follows a consonant, ў follows a vowel - была ў лесе, кніга ў брата, but «У лесе ціха». Пратэтычнае в appears before initial о/у: вокны, восень, вуліца, вучань. Мяккі знак is never written after ж, ч, ш, шч (ноч, рэч, мыш) or inside чк, чн, нч (кветачка, ночка). Апостраф replaces the soft sign after a consonant-final prefix before е, ё, ю, я, і (з'езд, аб'ява, раз'яднаць) and stands in many loans (п'еса, інтэрв'ю). Прыстаўкі з-/с- follow the voicing of the next consonant: зрабіць but сказаць, бясконцы, расці. Падваенне is simplified in most loans - група, клас, каса, субота - yet kept in ванна and Ганна.

Rule of thumb: when choosing у or ў, look at the last sound of the previous word, not at the word itself.