Фанетыка і арфаэпія, графіка: sounds, stress, writing norms
Фанетыка and графіка questions are short but precise. Know the inventory: six vowel sounds [а, о, у, э, ы, і] written with ten vowel letters (е, ё, ю, я are iotated), and consonants classified as звонкія/глухія, цвёрдыя/мяккія, санорныя, plus the affricates дз, ц, дж, ч. The Belarusian alphabet has 32 letters, including ў; the apostrophe is a sign, not a letter.
Learn the sound changes that spelling hides. Аглушэнне: a voiced consonant at the end of a word becomes voiceless - зуб [зуп], снег [снех]. Асіміляцыя by voicing: казка [каска]. Падаўжэнне: consonants double between vowels after a soft consonant - насенне, галлё, соллю. Спрашчэнне of clusters: сонца, позні. Аканне and яканне operate in pronunciation too, which is why unstressed о and е are never pronounced as [о] and [э].
Арфаэпія norms worth memorising: ч and р are always hard in Belarusian (чытаць, рака), шч is pronounced [шч] (шчодры), and дз, дж are single affricates, not two sounds. Націск is free and mobile and can distinguish words by place: замак «castle» - замок «lock».
Worked example: in казка the letter з is written, but [с] is pronounced, because the following к is voiceless. If the question asks for the sound, the answer is [каска], not [казка].