PAU Latin II (Aragón) key terms

Latin construction in which a noun or pronoun in the ablative plus a participle or adjective forms a phrase grammatically detached from the main clause, translated by a subordinate clause such as 'after/while/because...'.

Verb mood expressing command, wish, possibility or subordination; in Latin it appears in purpose, result, indirect question and conditional clauses, and must be recognised to translate subordinate sentences correctly.

Subordinating conjunction 'ut' plus a subjunctive verb introducing a purpose clause, translated 'so that, in order to'; its negative form is 'ne'.

Subordinate clause introduced by 'cum' with a past-tense subjunctive, meaning 'when, since, although'; distinguished from the indicative 'cum' to decide the correct nuance in translation.

Reported speech, in which statements, questions and commands are expressed with accusative-and-infinitive, subjunctive and infinitive constructions instead of direct quotation; common in Caesar and Livy.

Construction where a subject accusative is followed by an infinitive, used for indirect statement after verbs of saying, thinking or perceiving; translated with 'that' plus a finite verb.

Non-finite verb form ending in -re, -ri, -isse or -urum esse, expressing an action without person or number; it completes indirect statements and depends on modal and impersonal verbs.

Past participle in -tus/-sus, passive in sense for transitive verbs; it supplies the participle in ablative absolute and passive periphrastic constructions.

Verbal adjective in -ndus expressing obligation or necessity with 'esse' (passive periphrastic), or purpose with prepositions; e.g. 'delenda est Carthago'.

Grammatical case marking a noun's function: nominative subject, accusative object, genitive possession, dative indirect object, ablative circumstance, vocative address; endings must be identified before translation.

System of noun and adjective endings organised in five paradigms; recognising the declension from genitive singular is the first step in identifying case and number.

Grouping of Latin verbs into four conjugations by infinitive ending (-are, -ere long, -ere short, -ire); it determines personal endings and tense stems.

Past tense stem of the Latin verb, formed by reduplication, vowel lengthening or suffix -s/-v; it gives the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses.

Verb with passive form but active meaning, such as 'loquor, sequor, proficiscor'; it takes active participles and gerunds and is a frequent source of translation error.

Pronoun 'qui, quae, quod' introducing relative clauses; its gender and number come from the antecedent, its case from its own function in the clause.

Case with the widest range of uses: instrument, agent with 'a/ab', manner, place, time, comparison and separation; identifying the type is essential for accurate translation.

Core vocabulary a candidate must control for unadapted prose and verse, including high-frequency verbs, abstract nouns and connectives such as 'tamen, igitur, autem'.

Author of the Aeneid, the Georgics and the Eclogues; the Aeneid, an epic in twelve books on Aeneas and the founding of Rome, is the central Augustan poem and a standard set text.

Virgil's twelve-book epic narrating Aeneas' flight from Troy, wanderings and arrival in Latium; it combines Homeric models with Augustan ideology and is frequently examined in translation and commentary.

Genre of long narrative poetry in hexameter, represented by Ennius, Virgil and Lucan; its conventions include invocation, divine machinery, catalogues and heroic aristeia.

Dactylic hexameter, the metre of epic and didactic poetry, consisting of six feet of dactyls or spondees; scansion reveals caesura and word stress.

Orator, politician and philosopher (106-43 BC); his speeches, letters and philosophical dialogues are models of periodic prose and primary sources for late Republican history.

Formal public speech, a major Latin prose genre; Ciceronian orations follow the parts exordium, narratio, argumentatio and peroratio and use rhetorical figures.

Art of persuasive speech, codified in handbooks such as the Rhetorica ad Herennium and Quintilian's Institutio oratoria; it supplies the terminology for analysing prose texts.

Long, architecturally balanced sentence built of clauses (cola) closed by a cadence; characteristic of Ciceronian prose and a key feature for stylistic commentary.

Poet (43 BC-AD 17) of the Metamorphoses, Amores, Ars amatoria and Tristia; his elegiac and hexameter verse is central to the Augustan canon and to mythographic tradition.

Genre written in elegiac couplets (hexameter plus pentameter), used by Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius and Ovid for love poetry and lament; the pentameter's scansion differs from the hexameter.

Latin prose genre of history writing, represented by Sallust, Livy and Tacitus; its conventions include speeches, digressions, and moralising comment on Roman decline.

Author of Ab urbe condita, a 142-book history of Rome from its foundation; only books 1-10 and 21-45 survive, and the work is a standard source for early and Republican Rome.

Verse drama genre adapted from Greek models by Ennius, Pacuvius and Accius, and later Seneca; surviving texts are mainly Senecan and are read for rhetoric and Stoic themes.

Comic drama genre; Plautus and Terence adapt Greek New Comedy into Latin verse, and their plays are the earliest complete Latin texts and a source of colloquial idiom.

Task of rendering a Latin passage into correct, idiomatic Spanish; examiners reward accurate case and tense analysis, correct clause linkage and appropriate register rather than word-for-word literalism.

Written commentary on a Latin text covering morphology, syntax, lexicon, literary devices and historical context; it must cite the Latin form and justify each grammatical label.

Passage whose grammar, textual state or allusion resists immediate understanding; candidates should isolate the construction, test alternatives and state the chosen reading with reasons.

Exercise comparing two Latin passages by genre, metre, vocabulary, tone and historical setting; it requires quoting short Latin phrases as evidence for each claim.

Engineered road network binding the empire, built in layers with milestones and stations; roads such as the Via Appia and Via Augusta in Hispania illustrate Roman engineering and administration.

The city of Rome, with its forum, temples, aqueducts, baths and insulae; its topography and monuments are a standard topic for questions on urban civilisation.

The Roman state and its territorial dominion, organised in provinces under magistrates and later emperors; its administration, army and citizenship policy shape cultural questions.

Sequence of public offices (quaestor, aedile, praetor, consul, censor) held by Roman senators; knowledge of it clarifies political references in Cicero, Sallust and Livy.

Civic cult of gods such as Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, administered by priests and colleges; state ritual, festivals and later imperial cult are frequent cultural questions.

Enduring Roman legacy in law, language and institutions; Romance languages, legal codes and civic architecture derive from Rome and are commonly examined in the culture block.