Balearic Islands PAU Catalan Language and Literature II key terms

Classification of a text by its communicative purpose and form, such as narrative, descriptive, expository, argumentative or dialogued, each with characteristic verb tenses, structures and connectors.

A text whose purpose is to explain or transmit information objectively, without defending a position, typically using definition, classification, comparison and present-tense verbs.

A text that defends an opinion or thesis with reasons and evidence, relying on connectors of cause and consequence, evaluative lexis and a clear conclusion.

The central subject a text deals with, expressed in a short phrase rather than a full sentence, distinct from the plot or the author's intention.

The most important statement a paragraph or whole text conveys, on which the remaining information depends; often placed at the beginning or end of a paragraph.

A condensed restatement of a text's essential content in the writer's own words, preserving order and proportion and omitting examples, repetition and secondary detail.

Rewording a passage in different words while keeping its meaning, used to demonstrate comprehension or to integrate a source without direct quotation.

The global property by which a text's parts form a unified whole with a clear theme, logical progression and no contradictions in meaning or register.

The set of surface links, such as pronouns, ellipsis, lexical repetition and connectors, that tie successive sentences together within a text.

The fit between a text and its communicative situation: register, level of formality, channel and purpose must suit the intended audience.

A word or phrase joining clauses or sentences to signal a logical relation such as addition, contrast, cause, consequence or exemplification.

Reference to elements of the communicative situation, especially person, place and time, expressed through pronouns, adverbs and verb tense.

Repetition of a word or phrase at the start of successive clauses, or the backward reference of a pronoun to a previously mentioned element; context decides which sense applies.

A forward reference in which a pronoun or demonstrative anticipates an element that is named later in the text.

A sentence formed by two or more predicates linked by coordination or subordination, as opposed to a simple sentence with a single predicate.

Linking two or more grammatically independent clauses of equal rank through conjunctions such as i, o, però, sinó, ja que.

The relation in which one clause depends syntactically on another, functioning as subject, complement or adjunct, introduced by conjunctions, relative pronouns or non-finite verb forms.

A verb unit made of an auxiliary verb plus an infinitive, gerund or participle, expressing aspect or modality such as obligation, beginning or continuation.

The grammatical category of the verb, indicative, subjunctive or imperative, that signals the speaker's attitude towards the action as real, hypothetical or commanded.

The verbal category describing how an action unfolds in time, for example whether it is finished, repeated, beginning or ongoing, independently of tense.

Word formation by adding prefixes or suffixes to a base, as in feliç, infeliç, felicitat, which changes category or adds meaning.

Word formation by combining two or more existing words or stems into a new lexical unit, as in parabrisa or gira-sol.

A group of words sharing the same root, such as mar, marí, marinera, marea, which helps infer meaning from context.

The relation between words with closely similar meanings, rarely fully interchangeable because register, collocation and nuance differ.

The relation between words with opposite meanings, whether graded, as calent and fred, or complementary, as viu and mort.

A set of words sharing a core meaning area, for example terms for weather or for feelings, useful for identifying lexical cohesion in a text.

A deliberate deviation from ordinary expression, at the level of sound, syntax or meaning, used to intensify, ornament or structure a literary text.

Identifying one thing with another on the basis of a shared feature, without an explicit comparative marker, as when calling old age the evening of life.

Naming something by a related term rather than by similarity: cause for effect, container for contents, part for whole, author for work.

A trope in which a part stands for the whole or the whole for a part, as in sails for ships or head for person.

Alteration of normal word order for expressive effect, common in classical and Renaissance verse, for example placing the adjective far from its noun.

Enjambment: the running on of a syntactic unit from one verse line to the next without a pause, so that sense and metre do not coincide.

The study of verse measurement: counting syllables, accounting for synalepha and stress, and identifying the line type and rhyme scheme.

Identity of sounds at the end of verses from the last stressed vowel onwards, consonant when vowels and consonants match, assonant when only vowels match.

A fourteen-line poem, usually in hendecasyllables, arranged in two quatrains and two tercets, with a turn of thought before the closing tercets.

The Catalan literary movement around 1890-1911 marked by aestheticism, sensorial richness, symbolism and cosmopolitan themes, with Joan Maragall and Santiago Rusiñol among its figures.

The cultural and literary current of about 1911-1923 that reacted against Modernisme, valuing classical clarity, measure, intellectual rigour and a project of national modernisation.

Early twentieth-century movements that broke with tradition through formal experiment, fragmentation and manifestos; in Catalonia, Futurism, Cubism and Surrealism left traces in poetry and visual art.

A poetics that suggests states of mind and ideas through concrete images, sounds and correspondences rather than direct statement, leaving meaning open and suggestive.

Nineteenth-century narrative mode that portrays ordinary life and social types with detailed settings and plausible psychology, exemplified in Catalan letters by Narcís Oller.

An offshoot of realism holding that behaviour is determined by heredity and environment, often presenting marginal milieus with clinical detachment.

The nineteenth-century Catalan cultural revival, from roughly 1833 to 1880, that restored Catalan as a literary language through poetry, the Jocs Florals and Romantic historicism.

A structured written analysis that moves from locating and summarising a passage to its theme, structure, linguistic features and literary interpretation, supported by short quotations.

The position an argumentative text defends, stated explicitly or inferred, which the supporting arguments and examples are designed to establish.

The level of formality and the stylistic variety a speaker adopts according to situation, ranging from colloquial and familiar to formal, technical or literary.

A regional form of a language differing in pronunciation, vocabulary or grammar, such as the Balearic subdialects of Catalan with their characteristic article and verb forms.

Reproducing another author's exact words, marked with quotation marks and attributed to its source, used as evidence in commentary or argumentation.