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ICC CBO practice questions

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Question 1Legal and Administrative Provisions

Which source of legal authority allows a state or local government to adopt and enforce building codes?

  1. Federal authority under the commerce clause
  2. The power of eminent domain
  3. The state's police power Correct answer.
  4. The contract clause

Explanation

Building codes are health, safety and welfare regulations enacted under the police power reserved to the states and commonly delegated to local governments by enabling legislation. The commerce clause, eminent domain and the contract clause address entirely different governmental powers.

Question 2Legal and Administrative Provisions

Which of the following activities is ordinarily exempt from building permit requirements?

  1. Adding a 200-square-foot wood deck to a house
  2. Repainting the exterior of an existing house Correct answer.
  3. Installing an in-ground swimming pool
  4. Converting a garage into a habitable bedroom

Explanation

Permits are required for work that affects structural safety, egress, fire resistance or energy performance. Ordinary maintenance such as repainting alters none of those features, so it falls outside the permit requirement.

Question 3Legal and Administrative Provisions

Under the administrative provisions typical of the International Building Code, how is the building official selected?

  1. Appointed by the chief appointing authority of the jurisdiction Correct answer.
  2. Chosen by a majority vote of the board of appeals
  3. Elected by the voters at the same time as the governing body
  4. Hired by the local contractors' association

Explanation

The code assigns the appointment of the building official to the jurisdiction's chief appointing authority, keeping the position professional rather than political. The official then serves as the administrator of code enforcement.

Question 4Legal and Administrative Provisions

An owner refuses to allow the building official to inspect work for which a permit was issued. What is the most appropriate next step for the official?

  1. Enter the property anyway because a permit was issued
  2. Obtain a warrant or other court order authorizing entry Correct answer.
  3. Immediately revoke the permit and stop all work
  4. Issue a certificate of occupancy without an inspection

Explanation

The code grants a right of entry at reasonable times, but a refusal requires the official to seek legal process rather than force entry. Obtaining a permit does not waive the owner's constitutional protection against unreasonable searches.

Question 5Legal and Administrative Provisions

A stop work order issued under the code must contain which of the following?

  1. The name and license number of the inspector
  2. An estimate of the cost to correct the work
  3. The conditions under which work may resume Correct answer.
  4. A schedule of the fines that will be imposed

Explanation

The code requires the stop work order to be in writing, be delivered to the owner or the person performing the work, and state the conditions under which the work may resume. Fine schedules and cost estimates are matters for later enforcement or permitting, not for the order itself.

Question 6Legal and Administrative Provisions

The tenant of a retail space wants to convert it to a restaurant. What does the code require before the new use begins?

  1. A new certificate of occupancy for the changed use Correct answer.
  2. A demolition permit for the interior finishes
  3. Only a business license from the finance department
  4. Nothing, because the building already has a certificate of occupancy

Explanation

A certificate of occupancy is tied to a specific use and occupancy classification. Because a restaurant carries different occupant load, fire and sanitation requirements than a retail store, a new certificate must be obtained before occupancy.

Question 7Legal and Administrative Provisions

What is the primary function of a board of appeals established under the building code?

  1. To adopt amendments to the building code
  2. To prosecute code violations in court
  3. To hear appeals from decisions of the building official Correct answer.
  4. To inspect construction on behalf of the building official

Explanation

The board of appeals provides an administrative review of the building official's interpretations and decisions, giving parties a forum short of litigation. It does not legislate, inspect or prosecute.

Question 8Legal and Administrative Provisions

Before ordering demolition of a dangerous building that poses no imminent threat, a jurisdiction must generally do what?

  1. Get board of appeals approval for each demolition
  2. Post a notice on the building and wait 24 hours
  3. Provide written notice and a hearing opportunity Correct answer.
  4. Obtain a criminal conviction of the owner first

Explanation

Demolition deprives an owner of property, so procedural due process requires adequate notice of the charges and a meaningful opportunity to be heard before the order becomes final. Where imminent danger to life exists, the jurisdiction may act first and provide process afterward.

Question 9Legal and Administrative Provisions

Under the administrative provisions of the International Building Code, a permit becomes invalid if the work does not commence within how many days after issuance?

  1. 365 days
  2. 90 days
  3. 180 days Correct answer.
  4. 120 days

Explanation

The code makes a permit invalid if work does not begin within 180 days of issuance, or if work is suspended or abandoned for 180 days after it begins. Jurisdictions may extend this by local amendment, but 180 days is the model code baseline.

Question 10Legal and Administrative Provisions

Under the code, the building official's inspection authority may be exercised by whom?

  1. Members of the board of appeals
  2. Properly qualified deputies and inspectors Correct answer.
  3. Any licensed contractor working in the jurisdiction
  4. Only the building official personally

Explanation

The code authorizes the building official to appoint deputies, technical officers, inspectors and plan examiners to carry out enforcement duties under the official's direction. This allows the workload to be handled without diluting responsibility.

Question 11Legal and Administrative Provisions

When a code violation continues after notice has been served, how is the continuing violation treated for penalty purposes?

  1. The original penalty is doubled once
  2. It becomes a felony after 30 days
  3. It may be cited only once per calendar year
  4. Each day the violation continues is a separate offense Correct answer.

Explanation

The code provides that each day a violation continues after due notice is deemed a separate offense. This gives the jurisdiction leverage to compel prompt compliance rather than a one-time penalty.

Question 12Legal and Administrative Provisions

A building official owns a 20 percent interest in a company that has submitted a permit application. What should the official do?

  1. Resign from the board of appeals only
  2. Disclose the interest and refer the matter to another official Correct answer.
  3. Review the plans personally so that the project is not delayed
  4. Approve it if the project meets code requirements

Explanation

A decision-maker with a financial interest in the outcome cannot impartially decide the matter, and acting anyway creates both an ethics violation and a due process challenge. The conflict must be disclosed and the decision delegated to another qualified official.

Question 13Legal and Administrative Provisions

Under what circumstances may a local government adopt amendments to a model building code?

  1. Only with written approval of the model code publisher
  2. When state enabling law authorizes it Correct answer.
  3. Whenever the local governing body decides it is desirable
  4. Never, because model codes must be adopted verbatim

Explanation

A local government's power to regulate construction flows from state law, so amendments are valid only to the extent the enabling statute permits them, and they typically may not fall below statewide minimum standards. The model code publisher has no veto over local amendments.

Question 14Legal and Administrative Provisions

Which circumstance most clearly justifies revocation of a building permit?

  1. The contractor requests a second inspection
  2. The owner disputes an inspector's finding
  3. Misrepresentation of fact in the application Correct answer.
  4. Construction is slower than the original schedule

Explanation

The code authorizes revocation where a permit was issued in error or where the application contained a false statement or misrepresentation of fact. Ordinary scheduling disputes and inspection disagreements are handled through other processes.

Question 15Legal and Administrative Provisions

In general, how are permit and inspection records of a local building department treated?

  1. As private property of the building official
  2. As confidential records available only to the owner
  3. As sealed records available only by court order
  4. As public records open to inspection under state law Correct answer.

Explanation

Permit applications, plans and inspection records are government records generally subject to state public records laws, subject to specific statutory exemptions. They are not the personal property of the official and are not sealed by default.

Question 16Legal and Administrative Provisions

A jurisdiction contracts with a private firm to perform inspections. Who remains legally responsible for code enforcement?

  1. The private firm's professional liability insurer
  2. The building official of the jurisdiction Correct answer.
  3. The property owner who hired the firm
  4. The state agency that licensed the contractor

Explanation

The code allows the building official to accept reports from approved agencies and individuals, but the official retains the duty to enforce the code. Outsourcing inspections does not transfer statutory responsibility to the contractor or the firm.

Question 17Legal and Administrative Provisions

A contractor disagrees with the building official's interpretation of a code section. What must the contractor generally do before filing a lawsuit?

  1. Obtain a declaratory judgment from the state
  2. Request arbitration by the local contractors' board
  3. File a complaint with the model code publisher
  4. Exhaust the administrative appeal remedy Correct answer.

Explanation

Courts generally require a party to exhaust available administrative remedies, meaning a timely appeal to the board of appeals, before seeking judicial review. Skipping that step typically results in dismissal of the suit.

Question 18Legal and Administrative Provisions

A building official finds an occupied structure in imminent danger of collapse. What authority applies?

  1. Wait for a court order before taking any action
  2. Take no action until the owner is notified in writing
  3. Refer the matter to the board of appeals for a hearing
  4. Order immediate evacuation and safeguards Correct answer.

Explanation

Where there is imminent danger to life, the official may act immediately to protect the public, such as ordering evacuation, barricading or emergency repair. Notice and hearing follow the emergency action rather than preceding it.

Question 19Legal and Administrative Provisions

Who typically has authority to license building contractors?

  1. The state licensing board under state statute Correct answer.
  2. The local building official during plan review
  3. The board of appeals
  4. The model code organization

Explanation

Contractor licensing is generally a state function created by statute and administered by a state licensing board. The local building official verifies compliance with licensing laws but does not issue the license.

Question 20Legal and Administrative Provisions

A city adopts a building code without any statutory authority to do so. What is the legal result?

  1. The code applies only to commercial buildings
  2. The code is unenforceable Correct answer.
  3. The code is valid because it is a model code
  4. The code takes effect after a public hearing

Explanation

Local governments possess only the powers granted by the state constitution and statutes. An ordinance adopted without enabling authority is ultra vires and cannot be enforced, regardless of how sound its technical content may be.

Question 21Legal and Administrative Provisions

Which qualification is typically required of members of a board of appeals?

  1. Training and experience in building construction Correct answer.
  2. A degree in public administration
  3. Residence in the affected neighborhood
  4. A current contractor's license in the jurisdiction

Explanation

Board members must be qualified by experience and training to judge matters pertaining to building construction, and they generally may not be employees of the jurisdiction. A contractor's license or a particular academic degree is not a model code prerequisite.

Question 22Legal and Administrative Provisions

A timely appeal of a building official's decision is filed with the board of appeals. What is the general effect?

  1. The owner must post a bond before any hearing
  2. The official's decision becomes final immediately
  3. The permit is automatically revoked pending the hearing
  4. Proceedings are stayed unless imminent peril exists Correct answer.

Explanation

Filing a timely appeal generally stays further proceedings on the matter so the appeal is not mooted before it is heard. The stay does not apply where the building official certifies that a stay would cause imminent peril to life or property.

Question 23Legal and Administrative Provisions

Which item must appear on a certificate of occupancy?

  1. The contractor's license number
  2. The property's assessed tax value
  3. The use and occupancy group Correct answer.
  4. The name of the lending institution

Explanation

The certificate of occupancy must identify the use and occupancy classification for which the building has been approved, along with other identifying details such as the permit number and address. Financial and licensing information are not part of it.

Question 24Legal and Administrative Provisions

Under provisions commonly found in the code, when can a building official be held personally liable for enforcement actions?

  1. Whenever an inspector misses a code violation
  2. Whenever an owner wins an appeal before the board
  3. Whenever a permit is later found to be issued in error
  4. When acting with malice or in bad faith Correct answer.

Explanation

The code provides that an official acting in good faith and without malice in the discharge of official duties is not personally liable for acts performed under the code. The protection is lost when the official acts maliciously or outside the scope of authority.

Question 25Legal and Administrative Provisions

A jurisdiction adopts a model building code 'by reference.' What legal effect does this have?

  1. The code is advisory guidance only
  2. The code has the force of law as if enacted in full Correct answer.
  3. The code is enforceable only after each section is re-printed
  4. Only the sections named in the ordinance apply

Explanation

Adoption by reference incorporates the published document into local law so that it carries the same force as text set out in the ordinance itself. The material must still be made reasonably available to the public.

Question 26Legal and Administrative Provisions

Under the administrative provisions commonly adopted with the International Building Code, who appoints the building official?

  1. The jurisdiction's registered design professionals, by election.
  2. A majority vote of the local board of appeals.
  3. The chief appointing authority of the jurisdiction. Correct answer.
  4. The governor of the state in which the jurisdiction sits.

Explanation

The code creates a department of building inspection and provides that the building official is appointed by the chief appointing authority of the jurisdiction. The board of appeals is a separate body that hears appeals of the official's decisions. Appointment is therefore a local executive function rather than a state or professional-election function.

Question 27Legal and Administrative Provisions

A building official finds workers installing framing that does not match the approved construction documents. What action does the code authorize?

  1. Issue a written stop work order halting the work. Correct answer.
  2. Record a lien against the property until compliance occurs.
  3. Levy a fine without any further legal proceeding.
  4. Suspend the contractor's license until the work is corrected.

Explanation

The code authorizes the building official to issue a written stop work order whenever work is being done contrary to the code or an approved permit. The order identifies the reason for the action, and work may not resume until the official authorizes it.

Question 28Legal and Administrative Provisions

What must generally be done with a building permit while the authorized work is in progress?

  1. Record it with the county land records office.
  2. Mail a copy to the property owner each month.
  3. File the original with the local court clerk.
  4. Keep it on site, available for inspection while work proceeds. Correct answer.

Explanation

The code requires the permit, or a copy, to be kept on the site of operations and made available for inspection until the work is completed and finally approved. This allows inspectors and the public to confirm that the work is covered by an issued permit.

Question 29Legal and Administrative Provisions

The building official determines that an electrical service presents an immediate hazard. What authority does the code typically grant?

  1. No authority; only the utility company can act.
  2. Authority to order the utility to permanently cancel the account.
  3. Authority to authorize disconnection of the utility service. Correct answer.
  4. Authority only to issue a citation to the owner.

Explanation

The code authorizes the building official to order disconnection of temporary or permanent utility service to a building or equipment found to be hazardous. Service is not restored until the hazard is corrected and the official approves.

Question 30Legal and Administrative Provisions

A tenant moves into a newly constructed building before any certificate of occupancy has been issued. How is this treated?

  1. It is permitted for the first 30 days while paperwork is processed.
  2. It is unlawful, and the official may pursue remedies. Correct answer.
  3. It is permitted if a final inspection has already been scheduled.
  4. It is permitted if the contractor signs an affidavit of completion.

Explanation

A building may not be occupied until the building official has issued a certificate of occupancy, or a temporary certificate where the code permits one. Occupying earlier is a violation that the official may address through the code's enforcement provisions.

Question 31Legal and Administrative Provisions

A building official is refused entry to a building where a complaint alleges unpermitted work. What recourse does the code provide?

  1. The official must close the file because entry was refused.
  2. The official may obtain a search warrant or other legal process. Correct answer.
  3. The official may revoke all utility services to the property.
  4. The official may enter forcibly without any legal process.

Explanation

The official has authority to enter premises at reasonable times to inspect, but the entry must be lawful. Where entry is refused, the code directs the official to pursue the remedies provided by law, such as an administrative warrant or court order.

Question 32Legal and Administrative Provisions

A homeowner builds a deck without the required permit and later applies for a permit. What may the building official require under typical code provisions?

  1. A special investigation plus an additional investigation fee. Correct answer.
  2. Only the standard permit fee, because the work is already done.
  3. A waiver of all inspection requirements for the work.
  4. Demolition of the deck regardless of whether it complies.

Explanation

When work requiring a permit has commenced without one, the code calls for a special investigation before a permit may issue, together with an investigation fee in addition to the normal permit fee. This deters unpermitted construction while still allowing the work to be reviewed for compliance.

Question 33Legal and Administrative Provisions

A developer wants to occupy the first floor of a multi-story building while the upper floors remain under construction. What does the code allow?

  1. A temporary certificate of occupancy for the completed portion, when safe. Correct answer.
  2. Nothing; occupancy must wait until the entire building is finished.
  3. An occupancy permit issued by the fire department in place of the building official.
  4. A permanent certificate for the whole building noting the unfinished work.

Explanation

The code permits a temporary certificate of occupancy for a portion of a building before all work is complete, provided that portion is safe for its intended use. The certificate may carry conditions and expires unless it is extended.

Question 34Legal and Administrative Provisions

After a permit is issued, the owner wants to enlarge a structural beam opening. What does the code require?

  1. Revised documents must be submitted and approved before the change. Correct answer.
  2. The change may proceed if the contractor documents it in the daily log.
  3. The change may proceed if the building official is notified after installation.
  4. The change may proceed because issued permits are not tied to the plans.

Explanation

Approved construction documents may not be changed, modified, or altered without authorization from the building official. Revised documents showing the change must be submitted and approved, and the revised work must still comply with the code.

Question 35Legal and Administrative Provisions

The code references a recognized standard for fire-rated assembly testing. What is that standard's legal status?

  1. It applies only if the designer chooses to use it.
  2. It supersedes the code where the two differ.
  3. It is enforceable as part of the code to the extent referenced. Correct answer.
  4. It is advisory guidance only.

Explanation

Codes and standards referenced in the code are considered part of the requirements to the extent of each reference, so compliance with them is enforceable. Where the code text and a referenced standard conflict, the code itself governs.

Question 36Legal and Administrative Provisions

Who must notify the building official that work is ready for a required inspection?

  1. The registered design professional of record.
  2. The property owner, regardless of who holds the permit.
  3. The material supplier for that phase of work.
  4. The permit holder. Correct answer.

Explanation

The code places the duty to notify the building official when work is ready for inspection on the permit holder. The official then performs the inspection or accepts an approved agency's report where the code permits that option.

Question 37Legal and Administrative Provisions

The building official questions whether an installed material complies with the code. What may the official require?

  1. That the owner remove the material as a condition of continued occupancy.
  2. That tests be performed, at the owner's expense, to verify compliance. Correct answer.
  3. That the owner submit a notarized statement of compliance.
  4. That the material be accepted if it carries a manufacturer's warranty.

Explanation

The building official may require tests or reports to determine whether materials, methods, or equipment conform to the code. The expense of such tests is borne by the permit holder or owner rather than by the department.

Question 38Legal and Administrative Provisions

A contractor proposes a wall assembly not specifically described in the code, supported by engineering analysis. How should the building official proceed?

  1. Approve it if equivalent in performance, supported by evidence. Correct answer.
  2. Reject it because the code lists all permitted assemblies.
  3. Approve it only if the manufacturer is licensed in the jurisdiction.
  4. Refer it to the board of appeals, which alone approves alternatives.

Explanation

The code is not intended to prevent materials, designs, or methods not specifically prescribed, provided the building official approves them as equivalent in performance. The official may require tests, reports, or other evidence to support that determination.

Question 39Legal and Administrative Provisions

Strict application of a dimensional requirement is impractical for an existing building, and the proposed alternative preserves safety. What may the building official do?

  1. Waive the requirement for all similar buildings in the jurisdiction.
  2. Grant a modification for the case if intent and safety are preserved. Correct answer.
  3. Nothing; only the board of appeals may vary any code requirement.
  4. Issue a variance that runs with the property permanently.

Explanation

Where practical difficulties make strict application impractical, the code authorizes the building official to grant modifications for individual cases. The official must find that the modification furthers the code's intent and does not reduce health, life, or fire safety.

Question 40Legal and Administrative Provisions

A permit is issued for a large project, but the fire sprinkler design will be completed after issuance. What mechanism does the code provide?

  1. A verbal approval recorded in the inspection file.
  2. A separate permit issued only after the main permit is closed.
  3. Deferred submittals, authorized by the building official in advance. Correct answer.
  4. An automatic extension of the permit expiration date.

Explanation

The code allows deferred submittals, under which specified portions of the design may be submitted after the permit is issued with the building official's prior authorization. The deferred work must still be reviewed and approved before installation.

Question 41Permitting and Plan Review

Which of the following projects requires a building permit under the International Building Code?

  1. Repainting the exterior siding of a single-family dwelling
  2. Installing a freestanding swing set in a residential backyard
  3. Constructing a 300-square-foot detached storage building on a residential lot Correct answer.
  4. Replacing a kitchen faucet in a single-family dwelling

Explanation

Section 105.2 exempts one-story detached accessory structures used as tool and storage sheds, playhouses and similar uses only where the floor area does not exceed 120 square feet. A 300-square-foot detached structure exceeds that limit and therefore requires a permit. Ordinary maintenance such as painting and minor fixture replacement is exempt.

Question 42Permitting and Plan Review

Construction documents submitted with an application for a new commercial building must be prepared by which party?

  1. The property owner or the owner's authorized agent
  2. The general contractor listed on the permit application
  3. A registered design professional where required by the statutes regulating architecture and engineering Correct answer.
  4. Any person who has passed the building official's permit examination

Explanation

Section 107.1 requires construction documents to be prepared by a registered design professional where required by the statutes governing the practice of architecture or engineering. The owner or agent may file the application, but preparation of the design documents is governed by state licensure law.

Question 43Permitting and Plan Review

A building permit for a new warehouse is issued on March 1. Under the IBC, the permit becomes invalid if work has not commenced within what period after issuance?

  1. 90 days
  2. One year
  3. 30 days
  4. 180 days Correct answer.

Explanation

Section 105.5 provides that a permit is invalid if the work authorized is not commenced within 180 days after issuance, or if the work is suspended or abandoned for a period of 180 days after commencement. The building official may grant extensions in writing.

Question 44Permitting and Plan Review

After construction is complete and all required inspections have been approved, who issues the certificate of occupancy?

  1. The general contractor after the final inspection
  2. The building official Correct answer.
  3. The fire code official
  4. The registered design professional of record

Explanation

Section 111.1 states that no building or structure shall be used or occupied until the building official has issued a certificate of occupancy. The design professional and contractor provide information and certifications, but the certificate itself is issued by the building official.

Question 45Permitting and Plan Review

What is the primary purpose of reviewing construction documents before a building permit is issued?

  1. To eliminate the need for field inspections during construction
  2. To establish the construction cost used in the owner-contractor agreement
  3. To shift responsibility for design errors to the building department
  4. To determine whether the proposed work will comply with the code before construction begins Correct answer.

Explanation

Section 107.1 requires the building official to examine applications and construction documents to ascertain that the proposed work conforms to the code. Plan review finds code deficiencies while they are still inexpensive to correct and does not replace inspections during construction.

Question 46Permitting and Plan Review

An applicant submits a permit application for an addition with no floor plans, elevations or structural information. What is the building official's appropriate action?

  1. Issue the permit on condition that plans are provided before the first inspection
  2. Return the application as incomplete and request the required construction documents Correct answer.
  3. Approve the application and note that plans must be provided at the final inspection
  4. Deny the application permanently and bar the applicant from reapplying

Explanation

Submittal documents must be of sufficient clarity to indicate the location, nature and extent of the proposed work and show that it conforms to the code. Where the required information is missing, the building official may withhold processing and request the additional documents. A compliant application can be resubmitted later.

Question 47Permitting and Plan Review

Under IBC Section 105.2, which of the following work items is exempt from building permit requirements?

  1. Removal of a load-bearing wall in a one-family dwelling
  2. Installation of a new automatic fire sprinkler system in an occupied warehouse
  3. A fence 5 feet 9 inches in height on a residential lot Correct answer.
  4. A 2,000-square-foot office tenant improvement

Explanation

Section 105.2 exempts fences not over 6 feet in height, so a 5-foot-9-inch fence requires no building permit. Tenant improvements, structural alterations and fire protection system installations are all regulated work that requires permits.

Question 48Permitting and Plan Review

While construction of a permitted building is under way, where must the building permit be kept?

  1. In the property owner's permanent records
  2. On the site of the work until the project is complete Correct answer.
  3. With the local fire department
  4. In the contractor's business office

Explanation

Section 105.7 requires the building permit or permit card to be kept on the site of the work until the project is completed. This ensures the permit and any approved plan annotations are available to the inspector at the time of each required inspection.

Question 49Permitting and Plan Review

A registered design professional lists the precast structural connections as a deferred submittal on the construction documents. Who is responsible for reviewing that deferred submittal for coordination with the rest of the design before it goes to the building official?

  1. The building official, who must perform a full independent design review of the item
  2. The registered design professional in responsible charge Correct answer.
  3. The fabricator alone, because the item was deferred
  4. The general contractor's project superintendent

Explanation

Section 107.3.4.1 makes the registered design professional in responsible charge responsible for reviewing deferred submittal documents and determining that they are consistent with the design concept and the construction documents. The reviewed documents are then submitted to the building official for approval.

Question 50Permitting and Plan Review

An owner wants to begin foundation work on a large commercial building while the architect finishes the upper-floor framing plans. What does the IBC permit the building official to do?

  1. Issue a permit for the foundation portion only, provided adequate information and detailed statements have been filed Correct answer.
  2. Issue the complete permit, because foundations are unaffected by upper-floor framing design
  3. Withhold all permits until every sheet of the construction documents is complete
  4. Issue a temporary certificate of occupancy limited to the foundation work

Explanation

Section 105.1.1 authorizes the building official to issue a permit for foundations or any other part of a building before the complete construction documents are submitted. The applicant must file adequate information and detailed statements demonstrating that the partial work complies with the code.