UKOM Sp.F.M flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Span of control

The number of subordinates directly reporting to one manager. Narrow spans suit complex, high-risk pharmacy work such as sterile compounding; wide spans suit routine standardized tasks with clear procedures.

Transformational leadership

A leadership style that builds shared vision, individualized support, and intellectual stimulation to drive change. It outperforms transactional approaches where practice redesign or service expansion requires sustained staff commitment.

SMART objectives

Objectives that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound. Without measurability and a deadline, pharmacy improvement goals cannot be monitored, evaluated, or fairly appraised.

Gross margin percentage

Revenue minus cost of goods sold, divided by revenue, times one hundred. It expresses profitability relative to selling price, unlike markup, which is calculated on cost and is always numerically larger.

Break-even volume

Total fixed costs divided by the contribution margin per unit (unit price minus unit variable cost). It gives the unit volume at which total revenue exactly covers total costs.

ICER

The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: the difference in cost between two options divided by the difference in health effect. It is compared against an explicit willingness-to-pay threshold to inform coverage.

Contribution margin

Selling price minus variable cost per unit. It measures how much each sale contributes toward covering fixed costs and then generating profit, guiding pricing and service mix decisions.

TAM SAM SOM

Total addressable market, serviceable addressable market, and serviceable obtainable market. Credible business plans base revenue projections on the obtainable share, not the total market size.

Net present value

The sum of future cash flows discounted at the cost of capital, minus the initial investment. A positive NPV indicates value creation and is preferred over internal rate of return for ranking projects.

Payback period

Initial investment divided by annual net cash inflow. It is simple and liquidity-focused but ignores all cash flows occurring after the payback point and ignores the time value of money.

SWOT classification

Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors; opportunities and threats are external. Misclassifying external conditions as internal weaknesses is a common and consequential business planning error.

Workforce FTE calculation

Required full-time equivalents equal total workload hours divided by productive hours per full-time equivalent. It converts service demand into a defensible staffing establishment rather than headcount guesswork.

Kirkpatrick evaluation levels

Four training evaluation levels: reaction, learning, behavior, and results. Only behavior and results demonstrate that training changed workplace practice and outcomes rather than merely satisfied participants.

Absence rate

Days lost divided by headcount times working days, multiplied by one hundred. A rising absence rate is an early indicator of burnout, poor management, or impending attrition.

Job analysis outputs

Job analysis produces the job description, listing tasks and duties, and the person specification, listing qualifications and competencies. Recruitment, selection, and appraisal all derive from these two documents.

Economic order quantity

The order size minimizing total ordering and holding costs, calculated as the square root of two times annual demand times ordering cost, divided by annual holding cost per unit.

Reorder point

Average daily demand multiplied by lead time in days, plus safety stock. It triggers replenishment early enough to avoid stockouts during the supplier's delivery delay.

FEFO

First-expiry-first-out: stock is issued by earliest expiry date rather than by receipt date. FIFO alone is unsafe for medicines because later deliveries may expire sooner.

ABC analysis

Inventory classification by annual consumption value. Class A items are few but high value and need tight control; class C items are many and low value and can use simpler rules.

Safety stock

Buffer inventory held to absorb variability in demand and lead time. Required safety stock rises with both variabilities and with the target service level, and falls when supplier reliability improves.

Alert fatigue

Desensitization caused by excessive clinical decision support warnings, leading clinicians to override both trivial and critical alerts. It is mitigated by tiering severity and suppressing low-value duplicates.

Barcode medication administration

Scanning patient and medicine identifiers at the point of administration to verify the rights of administration. Its safety benefit disappears when staff use workarounds such as scanning labels remotely.

FHIR

Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources: a modern standard for exchanging health data through application programming interfaces. It complements HL7 messaging and uses shared clinical terminologies to preserve meaning.

Data minimization

A data protection principle requiring collection of only the personal data necessary for a stated lawful purpose. Excess data collection increases breach impact and violates purpose limitation obligations.

Donabedian model

A quality framework assessing structure (resources and facilities), process (what is actually done), and outcome (results for patients). Measuring outcomes alone cannot reveal why performance failed.

PDSA cycle

Plan, Do, Study, Act: an iterative improvement method for testing changes on a small scale. A single cycle is a test, so repeated cycles are needed before adopting a change widely.

Root cause analysis

A structured post-event investigation mapping causal and contributing factors to identify system failures. It should produce monitored, owned actions rather than individual blame.

Control chart special cause

A run of seven or more consecutive points on one side of the mean, or a point beyond control limits, signals special-cause variation. This requires investigation rather than routine adjustment.

Informed consent elements

Valid consent requires patient capacity, adequate disclosure of risks and alternatives, comprehension of that information, and voluntariness. A signed form alone does not establish that consent was valid.

Duty to report

A professional obligation to escalate impaired colleagues, serious safety incidents, and suspected controlled drug diversion to the appropriate authority, even where it conflicts with collegial loyalty.

Universal health coverage

Coverage defined along three dimensions: which population is covered, which services are covered, and what proportion of costs is covered. Progress on one dimension alone is incomplete.

Health technology assessment

A structured evaluation of clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, budget impact, and equity used to inform coverage and reimbursement decisions. It links evidence to national pharmaceutical benefit design.