UKOM Sp.F.M key terms

A national list of essential medicines used as the reference for prescribing and reimbursement in Indonesia's public health insurance scheme, guiding procurement and rational drug use across hospitals and primary care.

Indonesia's national health insurance programme administered by BPJS Kesehatan, covering defined benefits including medicines and pharmacy services, and shaping pharmacy revenue, claims and prescribing behaviour.

The tiered referral system in which patients move from primary care up to secondary and tertiary facilities only when clinically required, affecting pharmacy workload, stock planning and continuity of medicine supply.

A documented annual estimate of medicine quantities needed by a facility, derived from consumption history and morbidity data, used to drive procurement, budgeting and inventory control decisions.

Extra inventory held to absorb variation in demand or delivery delay, protecting service levels without excessive working capital. It is calculated from lead time, demand variability and the target service level.

The inventory level at which a new order should be placed, calculated from average demand during lead time plus safety stock, so stock arrives before depletion.

The elapsed time between placing a purchase order and receiving usable stock, including supplier processing and delivery, used in reorder point and safety stock calculations.

A calculation that balances ordering costs against holding costs to identify the purchase quantity that minimises total inventory cost for a stable-demand item.

A ratio measuring how many times stock is sold or consumed over a period, calculated as consumption divided by average inventory. Low turnover signals slow-moving or expired stock risk.

First Expired First Out: a stock rotation rule requiring items with the earliest expiry date to be dispensed or issued first, reducing waste and preventing expired medicines reaching patients.

A physical count of stock reconciled against records to verify accuracy, identify losses or discrepancies, and support financial reporting and audit requirements.

An arrangement in which the supplier monitors stock levels and replenishes automatically under agreed terms, reducing facility workload while requiring clear data sharing and performance monitoring.

A written contract defining expected performance, such as delivery times, fill rates and quality standards, between a pharmacy or health facility and a supplier or service provider.

A quantifiable measure chosen to track progress toward a specific objective, such as prescription waiting time or stock-out rate, enabling objective monitoring of pharmacy performance.

A strategic performance framework that measures an organisation across financial, customer, internal process, and learning and growth perspectives, preventing narrow focus on financial results alone.

A structured assessment of internal strengths and weaknesses alongside external opportunities and threats, used in strategic and business planning to prioritise initiatives and allocate resources.

A one-page planning tool describing nine building blocks of a business, including customer segments, value proposition, channels, revenue streams and cost structure, useful for pharmacy service design.

A calculation identifying the sales volume or revenue at which total income equals total cost, helping pharmacy managers judge pricing, staffing and service viability before committing resources.

The total cost of producing or delivering one unit of service, including direct and indirect costs, used for pricing, budgeting, efficiency comparison and reimbursement negotiation.

An economic evaluation comparing the cost per unit of health outcome between alternatives, expressed as cost per life-year or similar measure, guiding formulary and resource allocation decisions.

A fixed payment per enrolled patient per period, regardless of services used, shifting financial risk to providers and encouraging cost control and preventive care in primary settings.

The process of forecasting the numbers, skills and mix of staff needed to meet service demand, then recruiting, developing and deploying them to match organisational objectives.

A defined set of knowledge, skills and behaviours expected for a role, used for recruitment, performance appraisal, training needs analysis and continuing professional development planning.

Structured ongoing learning and reflection that maintains and improves professional competence after qualification, often recorded and monitored to satisfy regulatory and employer requirements.

The formal verification of a practitioner's qualifications, licensure and competence before granting authority to perform specified clinical activities within an organisation.

A written, approved instruction describing how a routine process must be performed, ensuring consistency, traceability and safe practice across staff and shifts.

A structured method for investigating an incident to identify underlying system failures rather than blaming individuals, producing corrective actions that reduce recurrence risk.

Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm, occurring at prescribing, dispensing, administration or monitoring stages, and subject to reporting and review.

The science and activities relating to detecting, assessing, understanding and preventing adverse effects or other drug-related problems, including spontaneous reporting and signal evaluation.

A formal process of obtaining and comparing a patient's complete medication history across transitions of care, resolving discrepancies to prevent omissions, duplications and dosing errors.

A coordinated programme promoting appropriate antimicrobial selection, dose, route and duration to improve outcomes, reduce adverse effects and limit resistance development.

A structured, multidisciplinary care plan for a defined condition or procedure, standardising interventions, length of stay and resource use while supporting variance monitoring and quality improvement.

A digital longitudinal record of a patient's health information shared across care settings, supporting prescribing decisions, medication history access and continuity of care.

A system enabling clinicians to enter orders electronically, often with decision support, reducing illegibility, transcription errors and inappropriate prescribing when well implemented.

Software that combines patient data with a knowledge base to generate alerts, reminders or recommendations at the point of care, supporting safer and more consistent prescribing decisions.

The ability of different information systems to exchange and correctly interpret shared data using agreed standards, enabling coordinated care and reliable reporting across facilities.

The policies, roles and controls that determine how data is collected, accessed, used and protected, ensuring accuracy, confidentiality and regulatory compliance within health information systems.

A patient's voluntary agreement to a proposed intervention after receiving adequate information about purpose, risks, benefits and alternatives, documented as part of ethical and legal practice.

Published standards of conduct binding members of a profession, guiding decisions where duties to patients, employers and society conflict, and supporting disciplinary accountability.