ASSEB HS Community Science cheat sheet

Energy values (Atwater factors): carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g, alcohol 7 kcal/g, dietary fibre about 2 kcal/g. A balanced diet supplies energy plus all essential nutrients, fibre and water in the proportions given by ICMR-NIN recommended dietary allowances.

Protein-energy malnutrition: marasmus is severe deficiency of both energy and protein, with marked wasting, body weight below 60% of expected for age and no oedema; kwashiorkor is predominantly protein deficiency, with oedema, fatty liver, distended abdomen, hair and skin changes, usually at 1-3 years.

Deficiency mapping: vitamin A - night blindness and xerophthalmia; thiamine (B1) - beriberi; niacin (B3) - pellagra with the four Ds (dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia, death); vitamin C - scurvy; vitamin D - rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults; iodine - goitre and cretinism; iron and folate - microcytic anaemia.

Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are absorbed with dietary fat, stored in liver and adipose tissue and are toxic in excess; water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) are not stored in appreciable amounts, are excreted in urine and must be eaten daily.

Cooking losses: water-soluble vitamins leach into cooking water and are destroyed by prolonged high heat and by adding baking soda; pressure cooking, steaming and using minimal water retain more thiamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid than boiling and draining.

Preservation principles: reduce moisture (sun drying, osmotic sugar or salt), lower pH (pickling, fermentation), lower temperature (refrigeration, freezing), raise temperature (canning), exclude air, irradiate, or add permitted preservatives. Low-acid foods canned under anaerobic conditions risk Clostridium botulinum toxin.

Colloidal changes in cooking: starch gelatinisation on heating with water and gel formation on cooling; dextrinisation during toasting; caramelisation of sugar; Maillard browning between reducing sugars and amino acids; emulsification of fat in water by lecithin from egg yolk.

Five-food-group plan: cereals and millets; pulses, nuts and oilseeds; milk and milk products, meat, fish and egg; fruits and vegetables (including green leafy vegetables); fats, oils and sugars (used sparingly).

Piaget's cognitive stages: sensorimotor (0-2 years, object permanence develops), preoperational (2-7, egocentric, symbolic play), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Erikson's first five psychosocial stages: trust vs mistrust (0-1 year), autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3), initiative vs guilt (3-6), industry vs inferiority (6-12), identity vs role confusion (12-18).

Growth norms: birth weight about 2.5-3 kg, doubles by 5 months and triples by 12 months; birth length about 50 cm, increasing 50% by one year; head circumference about 35 cm at birth and about 45 cm at one year.

Direction of development follows two laws: cephalocaudal (head to foot control) and proximodistal (from the centre of the body outward); gross motor skills such as sitting appear before fine motor skills such as pincer grasp.

Infant feeding: colostrum is secreted for the first 2-3 days and is rich in immunoglobulin A; exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months; complementary feeding starts at 6 months with continued breastfeeding up to 2 years.

Duvall's family life cycle stages: beginning family, childbearing family, family with preschoolers, with school-age children, with teenagers, launching family, middle-aged family, ageing family.

Family functions: reproduction, economic provision, socialisation, emotional security, protection, and status-giving. Family types are nuclear, joint or extended, and residence may be patrilocal, matrilocal or neolocal.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment-obedience and instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy-nice girl and law-and-order orientation), postconventional (social contract and universal ethical principles).

Fibre classification: natural cellulosic (cotton, linen, jute), natural protein (wool, silk), regenerated (viscose rayon, modal, acetate), synthetic (polyester, nylon, acrylic, spandex) and mineral (glass, asbestos).

Burn test identification: cotton and linen ignite and burn fast like paper, leave soft grey ash and smell of burning paper; wool and silk self-extinguish, leave a crisp black bead and smell of burnt hair; polyester melts and shrinks away from the flame with a hard black bead and a sweet chemical odour.

Basic weaves: plain weave is strong, firm and reversible (muslin, canvas); twill shows a diagonal line and is durable and soil-hiding (denim, gabardine); satin has long floats giving a lustrous face, a dull back and poor abrasion resistance and snagging tendency.

Fabric terms: warp yarns run lengthwise, weft yarns run crosswise, selvedge is the self-finished edge, grain is the yarn direction; clothing is cut on the lengthwise grain for least stretch and on the bias for drape.

Yarn numbering: cotton count (Ne) is the number of 840-yard hanks per pound, so a higher count means a finer yarn; denier is grams per 9,000 metres (lower denier, finer filament); tex is grams per 1,000 metres.

Dye classes and fibres: direct dyes for cotton, vat dyes such as indigo for excellent fastness, reactive dyes forming covalent bonds with cellulose for bright shades, acid dyes for wool, silk and nylon, disperse dyes for polyester.

Consumer Protection Act 2019: six consumer rights, a Central Consumer Protection Authority, product liability and e-commerce rules; redressal is three-tier - District Commission up to Rs 50 lakh, State Commission Rs 50 lakh to Rs 2 crore, National Commission above Rs 2 crore.

Standards and marks: ISI mark of BIS for industrial goods, AGMARK for agricultural produce, FSSAI licence number for food, Hallmark for gold jewellery, Ecomark for environment-friendly products; ISO 3758 care symbols use a washtub, triangle, square, iron and circle.

Resources are human (time, energy, knowledge, skills, attitudes, abilities) and non-human or material (money, goods, community facilities). All resources are limited, usable in alternative ways, interchangeable and cumulative.

Management process: planning, organising, directing and controlling, with evaluation and replanning as feedback. Decision-making steps: define the problem, clarify values, list alternatives, gather information, weigh consequences, choose, act and evaluate the result.

Time and energy tools: peak-load planning, to-do lists, the ABC plan (A = must do, B = should do, C = could do), the Pareto 80/20 rule, work simplification, standardisation and motion economy.

A budget is a plan for spending. Types are balanced (income equals expenditure), surplus and deficit. Steps: estimate income, list fixed and flexible expenses, allocate, record actual spending and compare with the plan.

Principles of design: balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion and scale, harmony and unity. Balance may be symmetrical or formal, asymmetrical or informal, or radial; rhythm is produced by repetition, gradation, radiation, transition and opposition.

Colour schemes: monochromatic (one hue in tints and shades), analogous (adjacent hues), complementary (opposite on the colour wheel), split-complementary and triadic. Warm colours advance and appear larger; cool colours recede.

Lighting types are ambient, task and accent; illumination is measured in lux (1 foot-candle is about 10.76 lux). Reading and kitchen work surfaces need roughly 300-500 lux of glare-free task light.

Space planning uses anthropometry and ergonomics: a main circulation path needs about 90-120 cm clear width, and the kitchen work triangle links sink, cooking range and refrigerator with each leg ideally 1.2-2.7 m.

Epidemiological triad: disease results from interaction among host, agent and environment. Terms to distinguish are communicable and non-communicable disease, and endemic (constant), epidemic (excess in an area), pandemic (global) and sporadic (isolated cases).

Transmission routes: direct contact, droplet, airborne, faecal-oral, vector-borne, blood-borne, and vertical (mother to child). Handwashing with soap at five critical times interrupts the faecal-oral route.

Drinking water standards: zero E. coli or faecal coliform per 100 ml; free residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 mg/L after 30 minutes contact; turbidity 1 NTU (relaxable to 5); chlorination, boiling, filtration and UV are common household treatments.

WHO low-osmolarity ORS per litre: sodium chloride 2.6 g, potassium chloride 1.5 g, trisodium citrate 2.9 g, glucose 13.5 g (sodium 75, glucose 75, potassium 20 mmol/L); childhood diarrhoea also needs zinc for 14 days.

Sanitation ladder: open defecation, unimproved, shared, basic and safely managed facilities. Options include twin-pit pour-flush toilets, septic tanks, biogas plants and vermicomposting; solid waste follows the 3Rs - reduce, reuse, recycle.

Immunity: active immunity follows infection or vaccination, develops in weeks and lasts years or a lifetime; passive immunity comes from maternal antibodies or immunoglobulin, acts at once but lasts weeks. Vaccines are kept on a cold chain at 2-8 degrees C, and DPT, hepatitis B and tetanus toxoid must never be frozen.

Vector control: malaria is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes breeding in stagnant water, controlled by indoor residual spray and long-lasting insecticidal nets; dengue and chikungunya by Aedes aegypti breeding in clean stored water and biting by day; kala-azar by sandflies.

Health indicators include infant mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, total fertility rate, life expectancy and sex ratio. As per SRS 2020, India's IMR was 28 per 1,000 live births and MMR 97 per 100,000 live births.

Extension principles: help people to help themselves; start from the people's existing situation; work with, not for, the people; voluntary participation; education rather than coercion; whole-family approach; democratic leadership and cultural sensitivity.

Teaching methods by reach: individual methods - home visit, farm visit, office call, personal letter, telephone - suit few people with specific problems; group methods - method demonstration, result demonstration, lecture, group discussion, field day, tour - suit some; mass methods - radio, television, newspaper, poster, exhibition, folk media - reach many quickly.

Adoption process has five mental stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial, adoption. Adopter categories under Rogers' diffusion model are innovators (2.5%), early adopters (13.5%), early majority (34%), late majority (34%) and laggards (16%).

Programme planning sequence: identify needs with the community, set specific measurable objectives, plan activities and calendar, mobilise resources, implement, monitor, evaluate and report back to the people.

Evaluation types: formative evaluation during implementation to correct the programme, and summative evaluation at the end to judge results. Indicator levels are input, process, output, outcome and impact; ex-ante evaluation precedes the programme and ex-post follows it.

PRA tools: social map, resource map, seasonal calendar, daily activity chart, transect walk, Venn diagram of institutions, matrix ranking and scoring, wealth ranking and focus group discussion; the outsider acts as facilitator, not lecturer.

Leadership: formal leaders hold office and authority, informal leaders hold influence and trust. Key qualities are empathy, initiative, communication skill, local credibility and willingness to share credit.

Community development landmarks in India: Etawah Pilot Project (1948), Nilokheri experiment (1948), Community Development Programme (1952), National Extension Service (1953), Panchayati Raj (1959), and the self-help-group based National Rural Livelihoods Mission.

Shannon-Weaver model elements: sender, encoding, message, channel, decoding, receiver, noise and feedback. Communication is complete only when the receiver's response shows the message was understood as intended.

The seven Cs of effective messages: clarity, conciseness, concreteness, correctness, completeness, courtesy and considerateness. A message failing any of these usually needs rewriting before it is transmitted to a community audience.

Barriers to communication: physical (noise, distance, faulty equipment), semantic (jargon, poor translation, different meanings), psychological (fear, distrust, prejudice, inattention), cultural (taboo, values, customs), organisational (hierarchy, delay) and perceptual.

Non-verbal categories: kinesics (gesture, posture, facial expression), proxemics (use of space - intimate, personal, social, public), haptics (touch), oculesics (eye contact), paralanguage (pitch, tone, rate) and chronemics (attitude to time).

Listening: hearing is passive reception while listening is active decoding. Active listening involves attending, reflecting, paraphrasing, clarifying and summarising; common faults are pseudo-listening, interrupting and jumping to conclusions.

Choosing teaching aids: match the aid to audience literacy, message complexity, group size and cost. Charts and posters suit literate groups, demonstration suits skill learning, and puppetry, folk song and street play suit low-literacy rural audiences.

Visual aid rules: one idea per aid, large bold lettering, high contrast, uncluttered background, legible from the back row, and correct sequence; readability is reduced by crowding and by mixing many fonts and colours.

Persuasion models: AIDA - attention, interest, desire, action. In diffusion, mass media are most useful for creating awareness while interpersonal channels carry evaluation, trial and confirmation.

Entrepreneurial traits and functions: need for achievement, initiative, risk-bearing, self-confidence, decision-making and innovation. Schumpeter defines the entrepreneur as the innovator who causes creative destruction by introducing new products, methods or markets.

Business plan sections: business description, market analysis and target customer, product or service, production and operations, marketing plan, management and staffing, financial plan (cost, cash flow, break-even) and risk analysis.

Forms of enterprise: sole proprietorship (full control, unlimited liability); partnership under the Indian Partnership Act 1932 (2-50 partners, shared liability); LLP; private and public limited company; and cooperative society.

MSME classification (India, 2020 criteria): micro - investment up to Rs 1 crore and turnover up to Rs 5 crore; small - up to Rs 10 crore and Rs 50 crore; medium - up to Rs 50 crore and Rs 250 crore; higher limits were announced in the 2025-26 Budget.

Marketing mix 4Ps are product, price, place and promotion; the matching 4Cs are customer value, cost to customer, convenience and communication. Market segmentation groups buyers by income, age, location, need or lifestyle.

Break-even units = fixed cost divided by (selling price per unit minus variable cost per unit); margin of safety = actual sales minus break-even sales; profit = total revenue minus total cost (fixed plus variable).

Sources of finance: own savings, family and friends, bank term loan and working capital, MUDRA loans (Shishu up to Rs 50,000, Kishore Rs 50,001-5 lakh, Tarun Rs 5-10 lakh), SHG-bank linkage, and government subsidy or venture capital.

Food micro-enterprise compliance: FSSAI registration or licence, label with product name, ingredients, net weight, date and licence number, hygienic handling based on HACCP principles, and good packaging for shelf life, protection and appeal.