ASSEB HS Community Science flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Basal metabolic rate

The energy a person spends at complete rest, awake, in a thermoneutral environment after a 12-hour fast; it accounts for roughly 60-70% of total daily energy expenditure in sedentary adults.

Kwashiorkor

A protein-energy malnutrition disorder of children marked by oedema, distended abdomen, thin sparse hair and skin changes, caused by a diet adequate in energy but very low in protein.

Water-soluble vitamins

The B-complex group and vitamin C, which dissolve in water, are not stored in large amounts in the body, and must be supplied daily; excess amounts are excreted in urine.

Maillard reaction

Non-enzymatic browning between the amino groups of proteins and reducing sugars on heating, giving cooked food its brown colour and aroma, as in toasted bread or fried onions.

Cephalocaudal development

The growth principle that development proceeds from head to tail, so an infant controls head and neck muscles before the trunk, and the trunk before the legs.

Identity versus role confusion

Erikson's fifth psychosocial stage, around 12-18 years, in which the adolescent must build a coherent sense of self; failure leaves confusion about identity and belonging.

Colostrum

The thick yellowish first milk secreted for two to three days after delivery, rich in antibodies especially immunoglobulin A and in protein, and lower in fat and lactose than mature milk.

Concrete operational stage

Piaget's third cognitive stage, about 7-11 years, when children can conserve quantity, classify and seriate objects, but reason logically only about concrete rather than abstract situations.

Satin weave

A weave in which warp yarns float over several weft yarns before interlacing, producing a smooth lustrous face and a dull back, with low abrasion resistance and a tendency to snag.

Denier

A unit of linear density for filament yarns equal to the mass in grams of 9,000 metres of yarn; a lower denier indicates finer and lighter filaments.

Consumer Protection Act 2019

Indian law replacing the 1986 Act, creating the Central Consumer Protection Authority, six consumer rights and e-commerce rules, with three-tier district, state and national redressal commissions.

Mordant

A substance, usually a metal salt such as alum, that fixes a dye to a fibre by forming a chemical bridge, improving colour fastness and sometimes changing the final shade.

Human resource

The personal qualities a family can use to reach its goals - time, energy, knowledge, skills, attitudes and abilities - which are intangible, renewable and cannot be transferred to another person.

Symmetrical balance

A type of balance in interior design in which visual weight is distributed equally on both sides of a central axis, giving a formal, stable and rather traditional effect.

Work simplification

The systematic analysis of a task to remove unnecessary steps and motions so the same work is done with less time, energy and fatigue, often using the ABC time plan.

Ergonomics

The study of fitting the work environment, furniture and tools to human body dimensions and capabilities in order to reduce strain, increase comfort and improve efficiency.

Epidemiological triad

The model that explains disease as an interaction among host, agent and environment; disease occurs when the balance among these three factors is disturbed.

Oral rehydration solution

A mixture of glucose and salts in clean water given to replace fluid and electrolytes lost in diarrhoea; the WHO low-osmolarity formula contains 75 mmol/L sodium and 75 mmol/L glucose.

Active immunity

Protection produced when the body's own immune system forms antibodies after natural infection or vaccination; it develops slowly and lasts long, often for life.

Cold chain

The system of storing and transporting vaccines at 2-8 degrees Celsius from manufacture to use; keeping it intact preserves potency, while freezing damages vaccines such as DPT and hepatitis B.

Result demonstration

An extension teaching method in which a new practice is applied in a villager's own field and shown publicly beside the old practice to build confidence through visible local evidence.

Adoption process

The five mental stages a person passes through before accepting an innovation: awareness, interest, evaluation, trial and adoption, after which the new practice becomes routine.

Opinion leader

An influential informal member of a community who is trusted for advice, adopts new practices early and speeds their spread among neighbours; extension workers should identify and work through such persons.

Participatory rural appraisal

A set of methods enabling villagers to analyse their own situation through mapping, ranking, seasonal calendars and transect walks, with outsiders acting as facilitators rather than instructors.

Feedback

The receiver's response travelling back to the sender, showing how far the message was understood; it makes communication two-way and allows the sender to correct errors.

Proxemics

The study of how people use space and distance in communication - intimate, personal, social and public zones - and how crowding or distance changes the meaning of a message.

Seven Cs of communication

Criteria for effective messages: clarity, conciseness, concreteness, correctness, completeness, courtesy and considerateness; messages meeting all seven reduce misunderstanding in extension and business writing.

Mass communication

Communication reaching large, scattered and anonymous audiences through radio, television, newspapers, posters or social media; feedback is slow and mostly indirect.

Break-even point

The output or sales level at which total revenue equals total cost so profit is zero; in units it is fixed cost divided by selling price minus variable cost per unit.

SWOT analysis

A planning tool mapping an enterprise's internal strengths and weaknesses against external opportunities and threats, helping an entrepreneur match capabilities to the market before launching or expanding.

MUDRA loan

A loan under India's Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana for non-farm micro and small enterprises, given in Shishu, Kishore and Tarun categories by banks, NBFCs and microfinance institutions.

MSME classification

In India, enterprises are grouped as micro, small or medium by combined criteria of investment in plant and machinery and annual turnover, under the MSME Development Act.