Vyakarana (Grammar): Sandhi, Samasa, Karaka, Kaal, Vachya, Muhavare, Paryayavachi-Vilom
The grammar section is the most score-dense part of the paper because every item has a single correct answer. It covers sandhi, samasa, karaka, kaal, vachya, muhavare and lokoktiyan, and paryayavachi-vilom words. Accuracy in recognising the type matters more than memorising long lists.
Sandhi
- दीर्घ: अ + अ = आ → राम + अवतार = रामावतार.
- गुण: अ + उ = ओ → सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय.
- वृद्धि: अ + ए = ऐ → एक + एक = एकैक.
- यण and अयादि handle इ/उ/ऋ before a vowel.
Samasa
तत्पुरुष (case relationship), कर्मधारय (adjective + noun), द्विगु (numeral first), द्वंद्व (both members joined by 'and'), बहुव्रीहि (the compound denotes a third thing), अव्ययीभाव (indeclinable first). Test: चतुर्भुज is बहुव्रीहि because it names Vishnu, not 'four arms'.
Karaka and vachya
Match the vibhakti to the karaka: ने → कर्ता, को → कर्म, से/तक → करण, के लिए → सम्प्रदान, से (ablative sense) → अपादान, का/की/के → सम्बन्ध, में/पर → अधिकरण, हे/अरे → सम्बोधन. In vachya, "मोहन ने पत्र लिखा" (कर्तृवाच्य) becomes "मोहन के द्वारा पत्र लिखा गया" (कर्मवाच्य).
Worked example
Identify the samasa in यथाशक्ति. Reasoning: यथा is an indeclinable particle placed first, and the whole word functions as an indeclinable adverb meaning 'according to ability' - therefore अव्ययीभाव, not तत्पुरुष, even though a meaning relationship exists.
Traps
- Writing सूर्योदय as दीर्घ संधि; अ + उ gives ओ, which is गुण.
- Calling every two-word compound द्वंद्व.
- Breaking sandhi by meaning rather than by the actual meeting of sounds.
- Treating muhavare and lokoktiyan as the same: a muhavara is a figurative phrase, a lokokti is a complete saying with a moral.