BSEB Inter Urdu cheat sheet

Nasr ke mashhoor asnaaf: afsana, dastaan, khaka, mazmoon, safarnama, tanqeed, drama, inshaiya; har sana ki tay-shuda tafseel yaad rakhein.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: 'Asaar-us-Sanadeed' (Agra ki imaraat) aur 'Tafseer-ul-Quran'; unka nasr ka andaz sada, dalil-based aur islahi tha.

Maulvi Nazir Ahmad: 'Mirat-ul-Uroos' (Pehli Urdu novel), 'Binat-un-Nash', 'Tauheen-e-Ibrat', 'Ibn-ul-Waqt'; zuban muhawara-based aur tehzeebi islah par markooz.

Hali: 'Muqaddama-e-Sher-o-Shaeri' (tanqeedi nasr ka bunyadi text), 'Yadgar-e-Ghalib' (khaka), 'Hayat-e-Saadi'; Muqaddama mein sher ki haqeeqat aur falsafa bayan kiya.

Muhammad Hussain Azad: 'Aab-e-Hayat' (Urdu shora ka tazkira, nasr-e-mualla ki misal), 'Nairang-e-Khayal', 'Darbar-e-Akbari'; unki nasr mein sajaya aur rangin bayan hai.

Prem Chand: Urdu afsane ke bani; 'Soz-e-Watan', 'Chauthi Ka Aankh', 'Gaban', 'Gaudan'; mazdoor aur kisan ki zindagi aur zamindari ka zulm unka markazi mauzoo.

Sajjad Haider Yaldarami: 'Ahsan-ul-Hikayat' ke tarjume aur asli afsane; unhein Urdu afsane ka pesh-roo mana jata hai.

Afsane ke ajza: plot, kirdar, mahaul, kashmakash (conflict), climax aur anjaam; tanqeedi jawab mein in terms ka istemal karein.

Nazm ki iqsaam: nazm-e-musalsal (behr mein musalsal), azad nazm (behr se azad, taqti ki pabandi nahi), nasri nazm, aur paband nazm.

Nazir Akbarabadi: 'Aadmi Nama', 'Banjar Nama', 'Rotiyan', 'Khuda Ki Gali'; awaam ki zuban, hasti ka falsafa aur mazahiyat unka imtiyaz.

Allama Iqbal: 'Shikwa' aur 'Jawab-e-Shikwa' (1911/1913), 'Tulu-e-Islam', 'Khizr-e-Rah'; fikr-e-khudi, millat aur shaheen ka paigham.

Iqbal ki 'Shikwa' mein shikayat ka andaz aur 'Jawab-e-Shikwa' mein Khuda ka jawab; dono behr-e-ramal mein hain aur mukhatib aur mustanad taur par jorey jate hain.

Faiz Ahmad Faiz: 'Tanhai', 'Mujh Se Pehli Si Mohabbat', 'Dast-e-Saba', 'Zindan Nama'; ishq aur inqilabi shaoor ka imtizaj.

Majeed Amjad aur Miraji: azad nazm ke aham naam; Miraji ki 'Paband Nazmein' aur azad nazm mein jadidiat aur nai tashkeel.

Nazm aur ghazal ka farq: nazm mein ek mauzoo ka musalsal bayan aur wahdat-e-mauzoo; ghazal mein har sher khud-mukhtar aur mustaqil matlab rakhta hai.

Nazm ki tanqeed ke liye: mauzoo, markazi khayal, behr/taqti, radif-qafiya, tashbeeh-o-istikara, aur ikhtitam (conclusion) ka jaiza lein.

Ghazal ke ajza: matla (pehla sher jismein dono misre qafiya-radif rakhein), sher, bait, radif, qafiya, maqta (shaer ka takhallus), aur hashr.

Ghalib: divan-e-Ghalib, 'Hazaron Khwahishein Aisi', 'Dil-e-Nadan Tujhe Hua Kya Hai'; shak, tazad aur falsafiyat unki ghazal ki pehchan.

Mir Taqi Mir: 'Patta Patta Boota Boota', 'Ulti Ho Gayin Sab Tadbeerein'; ranj-o-gham, udaasi aur sadgi-e-bayan ke liye 'Khuda-e-Sukhan' kahlaye.

Mirza Rafi Sauda: qaseeda aur hijv ke ustad; ghazal mein bhi unka andaz pur-takalluf aur zuban mein quwwat hai.

Mir Dard: 'Ilm-e-Ishq', tasawwuf aur khudi; unki ghazal mein sufi fikr aur dil ki garmi ka rang hai.

Nasikh, Zauq aur Aatish: Zauq (ustad-e-Ghalib) ki ghazal mein zuban ki pukhtagi; Nasikh mushkil-kusha zuban ke liye mashhoor.

Ghazal ke rup: ishq-e-haqeeqi vs ishq-e-majazi, rindi, zahid-o-waiz se takraar, aur 'dariya-e-ishq' jaise istiarat.

Sher ki tashreeh ka tareeqa: pehle lughwi maani, phir mafhoom, phir tashbeeh/istikara aur aakhir mein mauzoo se rabta; radif-qafiya ki pabandi bhi batayein.

Sarf: kalma ke ajza (harf-e-hijja), madda, jazar; fe'l ke awqaat: maazi, haal, mustaqbil; aur fe'l-e-mutaddi vs fe'l-e-lazim.

Ism ki iqsaam: ism-e-khas, ism-e-aam, ism-e-jins, ism-e-maarfa, ism-e-nakra, ism-e-mosool, ism-e-ishara, aur ism-e-zameer.

Nahw: mubtada-khabar, fe'l-fail-mafool, jumla-e-ismiya vs jumla-e-failiya; aur tarkeeb-e-nida, tarkeeb-e-izafi, tarkeeb-e-vasfi.

Sifat aur mausoof ka mutabqat: sift mausoof ke jins, waahid/jama aur vachan mein mutabiq hoti hai; Urdu mein sift pehle aati hai.

Muhawara aur zarb-ul-masal ka farq: muhawara apne asal maani se hatt kar majazi maani deta hai; zarb-ul-masal poora jumla hota hai.

Aham muhawaraat: 'aankh ka tara hona', 'naak katna', 'chaar chand lagana', 'haath malna', 'dil ka phoolna', 'paon ukhadna' - har ek ka jumla banana seekhein.

Khatoot ki iqsaam: khat-e-ikhwani (dost/rishtedar), khat-e-daftari (sarkari), darkhwast (application); darkhwast mein mukhatib, mauzoo aur iltija wazeh honi chahiye.

Mazmoon likhne ka dhancha: unwan, tamheed (introduction), asal mauzoo ke 2-3 para, aur natija; zuban mein muhawaraat ka istemal aur ghair-zaroori tafseel se parhez.

Urdu ki ibtida: Dehlavi, Gujari, Dakni, Rekhta, Hindi aur Hindustani naam; Amir Khusrau ko Urdu ka pehla shayar mana jata hai.

Dakni daur ke aham shora: Wali Dakni (divan ne shumal mein inqilab barpa kiya), Quli Qutub Shah, Nusrati, aur Sabras (Mulla Wajhi).

Tazkira: shora ke halat aur kalam ka majmua; 'Aab-e-Hayat' (Azad) aur 'Yadgar-e-Ghalib' (Hali) mashhoor tazkiray hain.

Dastaan: 'Bagh-o-Bahar' (Mir Amman), 'Tilism-e-Hoshruba', 'Gul-e-Bakavali'; dastaan mein jadu, tilism aur silsila-e-kahaniyan hote hain.

Afsana aur dastaan ka farq: afsana waqai zindagi aur ek khat par markooz, dastaan mubaligha aur tilism par.

Drama aur theatre: Agha Hashr Kashmiri ('Aflatoon', 'Yahudi Ki Ladki'), Imtiaz Ali Taj ('Anarkali'); Parsi theatre ka daur.

Jadidiyat aur mabad-e-jadidiyat: 1960s ke baad tajurbe, ramz aur nasri shayari; mabad-e-jadidiyat mein tazad aur be-yaqeeni.

Tanqeed ke maktab: Hali ka muqaddama, Azad ki nasr, aur jadid tanqeed mein mauzooiyat aur science-e-adaab ka rujhan.

Translation ki iqsaam: lafzi (literal) tarjuma aur ba-maani (idiomatic) tarjuma; aam taur par ba-maani tarjuma behtar samjha jata hai.

Tarjuma karte waqt muhawara lafzi taur par na badlein - uske barabar ka target-zuban muhawara chunein.

Comprehension ka tareeqa: pehle sawal parhein, phir passage do baar parhein, phir jawab passage ki apni zuban mein likhein.

Passage se jawab dete waqt apni raay na milein; sirf matn mein maujood maloomat ka hawala dein.

Mushkil lafz ka maani guzre hue pas-manzar (context) se samjhein; jumle ka markazi fe'l aur faail dhoond kar matlab wazeh hota hai.

Urdu se English ya English se Urdu mein naam, tareekh aur adad ko theek theek muntaqil karein; izafi tarkeeb mein word order badalta hai.

Mukhtasar jawab mein passage ke aham nuqta ko apne alfaaz mein likhein, lekin tafseel aur misal matn se hi lein.

Passage ke unwan aur pehle/aaakhri jumle aksar markazi khayal batate hain; inhein khaas taur par parhein.