CG Vyapam ADEO cheat sheet

Article 21A (inserted by 86th Amendment, 2002) guarantees free and compulsory education to children aged 6–14; implemented through the RTE Act, 2009.

Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee; there are 11 duties.

The Tropic of Cancer (23°30′N) passes through 8 Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram.

Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 2000 under the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, becoming India's 26th state.

GDP at constant prices measures real growth; GDP deflator = (Nominal GDP / Real GDP) × 100; CPI is the headline inflation measure used by RBI's flexible inflation targeting (4% ± 2%).

The Indian Constitution's Fundamental Rights (Part III) are enforceable through writs under Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Courts).

The Preamble's keywords 'Socialist, Secular, Integrity' were added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.

Current affairs anchor: NEP 2020 replaced the National Policy on Education 1986 (modified 1992); target is 6% of GDP as public education expenditure.

Piaget's stages: Sensorimotor (0–2), Preoperational (2–7), Concrete Operational (7–11), Formal Operational (11+); conservation is mastered in the concrete operational stage.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is the gap between what a learner can do alone and with guidance; scaffolding is temporary support within the ZPD.

Kohlberg's moral development: Pre-conventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental), Conventional (good boy, law and order), Post-conventional (social contract, universal principles).

Erikson's psychosocial stages relevant to school: Industry vs. Inferiority (6–12) and Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence).

Bloom's revised taxonomy (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001): Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, Create - a hierarchy of cognitive processes.

Classical conditioning (Pavlov) pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus; operant conditioning (Skinner) uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviour.

Maslow's hierarchy: physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization; lower needs generally must be met before higher ones motivate.

Inclusive pedagogy differentiates content, process, and product; UDL (Universal Design for Learning) provides multiple means of representation, engagement, and expression.

The three-tier school education structure in India: primary (Classes I–V), upper primary (VI–VIII), secondary (IX–X), and higher secondary (XI–XII).

RTE Act, 2009 norms: pupil–teacher ratio 30:1 at primary and 35:1 at upper primary; one teacher per 40 students in secondary schools under SSA/Samagra Shiksha norms.

The School Management Committee (SMC) is mandatory in every government and aided school under RTE Section 21; 75% of members must be parents/guardians.

Supervision functions: inspection, guidance, staff development, curriculum improvement, and evaluation; clinical supervision involves pre-observation, observation, and feedback conferences.

The District Education Officer (DEO) and Block Education Officer (BEO) supervise schools under the Department of School Education; the Collector chairs the District Education Committee.

Samagra Shiksha (2018) merged SSA, RMSA, and TE; it funds school grants, teacher training, and inclusive education components.

A school development plan (SDP) is prepared by the SMC with the head teacher and forms the basis for annual school grants.

Performance appraisal of teachers under Samagra Shiksha uses a 100-point rubric covering student achievement, teaching practices, and co-curricular contribution.

RTE Act, 2009: free and compulsory education for children 6–14; no detention until completion of elementary education (Section 16, as amended 2019 to allow detention after re-examination).

RTE Section 12(1)(c): private unaided schools must reserve 25% of entry-level seats for disadvantaged and weaker sections; state reimburses fees.

RTE prohibits: physical punishment (Section 17), screening procedures (Section 13), capitation fees (Section 13), and board examinations until Class VIII (Section 30).

NEP 2020 targets: 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio in preschool to secondary by 2030; foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN) mission by 2026–27; 5+3+3+4 curricular structure.

PM POSHAN (formerly Mid-Day Meal Scheme) provides hot cooked meals to students in Classes I–VIII in government and aided schools.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (2018) is the single umbrella scheme for school education from pre-primary to Class XII.

NIPUN Bharat (2021) is the national mission for foundational literacy and numeracy under NEP 2020, targeting children aged 3–9.

The Right to Education is a fundamental right under Article 21A; the 86th Constitutional Amendment (2002) inserted it.

Chhattisgarh was formed on 1 November 2000; capital Raipur; official language Hindi; state animal is the wild buffalo (Bison), state bird the hill myna (pahari myna), state tree sal.

Chhattisgarh has 33 districts (as of 2024); divisions: Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg, Sarguja, Bastar.

The state's literacy rate (Census 2011) is 70.28% (male 80.27%, female 60.24%); sex ratio 991 females per 1000 males.

Chhattisgarh's major tribes: Gond, Baiga, Halba, Kamar, Bhatra; Bastar district is known for the Dandami Maria and Muria tribes.

State education initiatives include the Chhattisgarh Shiksha Mission, free bicycle distribution to Class IX students, and the Dr. Khoobchand Baghel Health Scheme (not education, but a flagship).

The Chhattisgarh Professional Examination Board (CG Vyapam) conducts recruitment exams including ADEO; the state education department is headed by the Secretary, School Education.

Chhattisgarh's major rivers: Mahanadi (originates in Sihawa, Dhamtari), Indravati, Godavari tributaries; Chitrakote Falls on the Indravati is called the 'Niagara of India'.

Chhattisgarh shares borders with Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Telangana (since 2014).

Development is multidimensional: physical, cognitive, social-emotional, and language; it follows cephalocaudal (head-to-toe) and proximodistal (centre-outward) principles.

Language development: cooing (2–3 months), babbling (4–6 months), one-word holophrastic stage (12–18 months), telegraphic speech (18–24 months), full sentences by age 3–4.

Piaget's concrete operational child (7–11) masters conservation, classification, seriation, and reversibility but struggles with abstract hypothetical reasoning.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge resulting from experience; maturation alone is not learning.

Constructivism (Piaget, Vygotsky) holds that learners actively build knowledge; behaviourism (Skinner) emphasizes observable stimulus–response associations.

Motivation: intrinsic motivation arises from interest and satisfaction; extrinsic motivation comes from rewards or punishments; over-reliance on extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.

Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic.

Child-centred pedagogy uses play, activity, discovery, and group work; the teacher acts as facilitator rather than transmitter of facts.

Formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic (assessment for learning); summative assessment is end-of-term and judgmental (assessment of learning).

CCE (Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation) under RTE covers scholastic and co-scholastic areas; grades replace marks in elementary classes.

NCF 2005 recommends reducing curriculum load, connecting knowledge to life outside school, and shifting from rote to understanding.

NCF 2023 (National Curriculum Framework for School Education) aligns with NEP 2020 and proposes the 5+3+3+4 structure with multidisciplinary and vocational integration.

A test's reliability is consistency of scores across occasions; validity is the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure.

Norm-referenced tests compare a student to peers; criterion-referenced tests compare performance to a fixed standard or learning outcome.

Item difficulty index (p) = proportion of students answering correctly; item discrimination index (D) = p(upper group) − p(lower group).

Bloom's taxonomy levels are used to frame learning outcomes and assessment questions from Remember to Create.

संधि: दो वर्णों के मेल से उत्पन्न परिवर्तन; स्वर संधि (दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण, अयादि), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि। उदाहरण: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि)।

समास: दो या अधिक शब्दों का मेल; मुख्य भेद-तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, अव्ययीभाव। उदाहरण: राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र (तत्पुरुष)।

उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय: उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में, प्रत्यय अंत में जुड़ता है; 'प्र' + 'हार' = प्रहार; 'लड़कपन' में 'पन' प्रत्यय।

कारक और विभक्ति: कर्ता (ने), कर्म (को), करण (से/के द्वारा), संप्रदान (के लिए), अपादान (से अलग), अधिकरण (में/पर), संबंध (का/की/के), संबोधन (हे/अरे)।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्णों की आवृत्ति), उपमा (समानता), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), उत्प्रेक्षा (संभावना), यमक (शब्द की आवृत्ति भिन्न अर्थ में)।

वाक्य के अंग: उद्देश्य और विधेय; वाक्य भेद-सरल, संयुक्त, मिश्र।

मुहावरे और लोकोक्तियाँ: 'आँख का तारा' = बहुत प्यारा; 'नाच न जाने आँगन टेढ़ा' = अपनी अयोग्यता छिपाना।

वर्तनी और शब्द-शुद्धि: 'कवयित्री', 'पुस्तकालय', 'अनुच्छेद' जैसे शब्दों की शुद्ध वर्तनी पर ध्यान दें।

Articles: 'a/an' for indefinite, 'the' for definite; 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an MLA), 'a' before consonant sounds (a university, a one-rupee coin).

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) for past actions with present relevance; past perfect (had + past participle) for the earlier of two past actions.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes 'be + past participle', subject moves to 'by' phrase; only transitive verbs can be made passive.

Direct to indirect speech: change pronouns to reflect speaker, shift tense back one step (unless reporting verb is present), and adjust time/place words (now → then, here → there).

Subject–verb agreement: each/every/either/neither + singular verb; 'one of the + plural noun' takes a singular verb; collective nouns take singular verbs when acting as a unit.

Common confusables: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); principal (head) vs principle (rule); stationary (fixed) vs stationery (writing material).

Idioms: 'to let the cat out of the bag' = reveal a secret; 'a blessing in disguise' = an apparent misfortune that turns out well; 'to beat around the bush' = avoid the main point.

Prepositions: 'good at', 'afraid of', 'married to', 'capable of', 'superior to', 'inferior to', 'different from'.

Percentage change = (new − old) / old × 100; successive percentage changes a% then b% net = a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound interest = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1]; for half-yearly compounding use R/2 and 2T.

Speed = distance / time; average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x + y); trains crossing each other add lengths and relative speeds.

Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; discount% = (MP − SP)/MP × 100; SP = MP × (1 − d/100) × (1 + tax/100) when applicable.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; mean proportional between a and b is √(ab).

Number series: check differences, ratios, squares, cubes, and alternating patterns; for alphabet series note forward/backward positions (A=1, Z=26).

Coding-decoding: identify letter-shift patterns (+1, −2, reverse alphabet) and apply consistently to the target word.

Syllogism: use Venn diagrams; 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; 'Some A are B' is reversible.