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CG Vyapam ADEO practice questions

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Question 1General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which Article of the Constitution of India provides for the appointment of a Finance Commission every fifth year or earlier?

  1. Article 263
  2. Article 324
  3. Article 356
  4. Article 280 Correct answer.

Explanation

Article 280 mandates that the President constitute a Finance Commission every five years or at such earlier time as he considers necessary, to recommend distribution of taxes between the Union and States. It is a constitutional body, not a statutory one, and its chairman is appointed by the President.

Question 2General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The Tropic of Cancer passes through how many Indian States?

  1. Seven
  2. Six
  3. Eight Correct answer.
  4. Nine

Explanation

The Tropic of Cancer at 23°30' N crosses eight Indian States: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. It does not pass through Odisha or Bihar.

Question 3General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The Permanent Settlement of Bengal, introduced in 1793, was associated with which Governor-General?

  1. Lord Dalhousie
  2. Lord Cornwallis Correct answer.
  3. Warren Hastings
  4. Lord Wellesley

Explanation

Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793, fixing land revenue with zamindars in perpetuity in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. It was the first of the three major revenue systems, followed by Ryotwari and Mahalwari.

Question 4General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which organisation publishes the Human Development Index used in Indian policy discussions?

  1. United Nations Development Programme Correct answer.
  2. World Bank
  3. World Economic Forum
  4. International Monetary Fund

Explanation

The UNDP publishes the Human Development Report, which ranks countries by the Human Development Index based on life expectancy, education and per capita income. The index is a composite measure rather than a purely economic one.

Question 5General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Under the Indian Constitution, the power to decide whether a Bill is a Money Bill rests with which authority?

  1. The Chief Justice of India
  2. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha Correct answer.
  3. The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
  4. The President of India

Explanation

Article 110 states that if any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill, the decision of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is final. The Speaker's certification also determines whether the Rajya Sabha can only recommend amendments.

Question 6General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following rivers flows through a rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges?

  1. Narmada Correct answer.
  2. Krishna
  3. Godavari
  4. Kaveri

Explanation

The Narmada flows westwards through a rift valley formed between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, which is why it has a relatively straight course and does not form a large delta. The other rivers listed flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal.

Question 7General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The Quit India Movement was launched in which year?

  1. 1939
  2. 1942 Correct answer.
  3. 1945
  4. 1930

Explanation

The Quit India Movement was launched on 8 August 1942 at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee, with the slogan 'Do or Die'. It followed the failure of the Cripps Mission and led to mass arrests of Congress leaders.

Question 8General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following is a direct tax in India?

  1. Excise duty on petroleum products
  2. Customs duty
  3. Income tax Correct answer.
  4. Goods and Services Tax

Explanation

A direct tax is levied on income or wealth and its burden cannot be shifted to another person; income tax is the classic example. Indirect taxes such as GST, customs and excise are collected on goods and services and are passed on to consumers.

Question 9General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which Schedule of the Constitution of India contains the anti-defection provisions?

  1. Tenth Schedule Correct answer.
  2. Ninth Schedule
  3. Twelfth Schedule
  4. Eleventh Schedule

Explanation

The Tenth Schedule, added by the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1985, lays down grounds for disqualification of members of Parliament and State legislatures on defection. The presiding officer of the House decides such disqualification questions.

Question 10General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The Chief Minister of a State is appointed by which authority?

  1. The President of India
  2. The Speaker of the State Legislative Assembly
  3. The Governor of the State Correct answer.
  4. The Chief Justice of the High Court

Explanation

Under Article 164, the Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor, who normally invites the leader of the majority party in the Legislative Assembly. The other ministers are appointed by the Governor on the Chief Minister's advice.

Question 11General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following soil types is most suitable for cotton cultivation in the Deccan region?

  1. Black soil Correct answer.
  2. Laterite soil
  3. Alluvial soil
  4. Desert soil

Explanation

Black soil, also called regur, has high moisture-retention capacity and is rich in iron, lime and magnesia, making it well suited to cotton. It is derived from the weathering of basaltic lava in the Deccan trap region.

Question 12General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The Battle of Plassey in 1757 was fought between the forces of the East India Company and which ruler?

  1. Shah Alam II
  2. Tipu Sultan
  3. Mir Qasim
  4. Siraj-ud-Daulah Correct answer.

Explanation

Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, at Plassey in 1757, largely because of the defection of Mir Jafar. The victory gave the Company control over Bengal's revenues and marked the beginning of its territorial power in India.

Question 13General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following measures is a qualitative instrument of monetary policy used by the Reserve Bank of India?

  1. Cash Reserve Ratio
  2. Repo rate
  3. Moral suasion Correct answer.
  4. Open market operations

Explanation

Qualitative instruments such as moral suasion, margin requirements and direct action influence the direction of credit without directly altering its volume or cost. Cash Reserve Ratio, repo rate and open market operations are quantitative tools that change liquidity or interest rates.

Question 14General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following is a constitutional body in India?

  1. Union Public Service Commission Correct answer.
  2. NITI Aayog
  3. Central Bureau of Investigation
  4. Central Vigilance Commission

Explanation

The UPSC is established under Article 315 of the Constitution and is therefore a constitutional body. NITI Aayog, the CVC and the CBI were created by executive resolution or statute rather than directly by the Constitution.

Question 15General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which pass connects the Kashmir Valley with Ladakh?

  1. Zoji La Correct answer.
  2. Bomdi La
  3. Shipki La
  4. Nathu La

Explanation

Zoji La lies on the Srinagar-Leh highway and connects the Kashmir Valley with the Ladakh region through the Zaskar range. It is one of the highest motorable passes in the region and remains snowbound for much of winter.

Question 16General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Who founded the Servants of India Society in 1905?

  1. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
  2. Annie Besant
  3. Lala Lajpat Rai
  4. Gopal Krishna Gokhale Correct answer.

Explanation

Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society in Pune in 1905 to train national missionaries for the service of India. Gokhale was a moderate leader who favoured constitutional methods and mentored Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 17General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

In the Indian federal structure, which subject appears in the Concurrent List?

  1. Education Correct answer.
  2. Police
  3. Currency
  4. Defence

Explanation

Education was shifted to the Concurrent List by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976, so both Parliament and State legislatures can legislate on it. Police is a State subject while defence and currency are Union subjects.

Question 18General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following States has the longest coastline in India?

  1. Tamil Nadu
  2. Maharashtra
  3. Andhra Pradesh
  4. Gujarat Correct answer.

Explanation

Gujarat has the longest coastline among Indian States, extending over roughly 1,600 km along the Arabian Sea, including the Gulf of Kachchh and Gulf of Khambhat. Its indented coast and numerous ports account for this length.

Question 19General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The 'Hindu Rate of Growth' is a term used to describe which economic phenomenon in India?

  1. Slow and steady GDP growth of around 3.5 per cent before the 1980s reforms Correct answer.
  2. Rapid industrial growth after liberalisation
  3. Growth driven mainly by agriculture
  4. High inflation during the 1970s

Explanation

The term, coined by economist Raj Krishna, refers to India's sluggish trend growth of about 3.5 per cent per year from the 1950s to the 1980s. It contrasted with the faster growth achieved by several East Asian economies in the same period.

Question 20General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following writs is issued by a court to a public authority that has failed to perform a duty imposed on it by law?

  1. Quo warranto
  2. Prohibition
  3. Habeas corpus
  4. Mandamus Correct answer.

Explanation

Mandamus is a command directing a public authority to perform a public duty that it has refused or failed to perform. It cannot be issued against a private individual or against the President or Governors in their personal capacity.

Question 21General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The Indian National Congress adopted the resolution on 'Purna Swaraj' at which session?

  1. Karachi session, 1931
  2. Lucknow session, 1916
  3. Nagpur session, 1920
  4. Lahore session, 1929 Correct answer.

Explanation

At the Lahore session in December 1929, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress declared Purna Swaraj as its goal and authorised the celebration of Independence Day on 26 January 1930. The tricolour was hoisted on the banks of the Ravi.

Question 22General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Consider a State where the Governor reserves a Bill for the consideration of the President. Which statement best describes the President's options under the Constitution?

  1. The President must refer the Bill to the Supreme Court before deciding
  2. The President may give assent, withhold assent, or direct the Governor to return the Bill to the State legislature Correct answer.
  3. The President has no role once the Governor has reserved the Bill
  4. The President must give assent within six months

Explanation

Under Article 201, when a Bill is reserved for the President's consideration, the President may assent, withhold assent, or direct the Governor to return the Bill for reconsideration. If the legislature passes it again, the President is not bound to give assent.

Question 23General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The concept of 'demographic dividend' applies to India primarily because of which demographic feature?

  1. A declining total population
  2. An increasing dependency ratio
  3. A rising share of the population in the working-age group Correct answer.
  4. A high proportion of population above 65 years

Explanation

A demographic dividend arises when the working-age population grows faster than the dependent population, lowering the dependency ratio and raising potential output. India's median age is relatively low, so this window depends on adequate education, health and job creation.

Question 24General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following best explains why the Western Ghats receive very heavy rainfall while the Deccan plateau to their east is relatively dry?

  1. The plateau has laterite soil which absorbs atmospheric moisture
  2. The plateau lies in a rain-shadow zone after moist winds are forced to rise over the Ghats Correct answer.
  3. The plateau is farther from the sea and therefore cooler
  4. The Ghats attract cyclonic storms that bypass the plateau

Explanation

South-west monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea are forced to ascend the Western Ghats, cooling and condensing to give heavy orographic rainfall on the windward side. Descending on the leeward side, the air warms and dries, creating a rain-shadow region over the Deccan plateau.

Question 25General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

A Finance Commission recommends devolution of taxes to States. Which change would most directly increase the untied fiscal space of State governments?

  1. Raising the share of States in the divisible pool of central taxes Correct answer.
  2. Raising the Union government's market borrowing
  3. Increasing cesses and surcharges outside the divisible pool
  4. Expanding centrally sponsored schemes with matching State contributions

Explanation

Cesses and surcharges are excluded from the divisible pool, so untied transfers rise mainly when the States' share of the divisible pool is increased. Higher cesses or matching-share schemes instead reduce or condition the fiscal space available to States.

Question 26General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Under the provisions of the Indian Constitution, the power to form new States by separating territory from an existing State is exercised by Parliament after consulting the affected State. Which article of the Constitution deals with this power?

  1. Article 4
  2. Article 3 Correct answer.
  3. Article 5
  4. Article 2

Explanation

Article 3 empowers Parliament to form new States, alter boundaries, or change the names of States. It requires that a Bill for this purpose be referred by the President to the affected State legislature for its views, though those views are not binding. Article 2 deals with the admission or establishment of new States that are not already part of India.

Question 27General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The Tropic of Cancer passes through which of the following Indian States?

  1. Rajasthan Correct answer.
  2. Odisha
  3. Tamil Nadu
  4. Kerala

Explanation

The Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) crosses India roughly through Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram. Rajasthan is among these States, with the line passing near its southern districts. The other listed States lie either wholly south of the Tropic or outside its path.

Question 28General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following was a major recommendation of the Narasimham Committee on the financial system in India?

  1. Abolition of the Securities and Exchange Board of India
  2. Reduction in the statutory liquidity ratio and cash reserve ratio Correct answer.
  3. Introduction of a single currency for SAARC countries
  4. Nationalisation of all private banks

Explanation

The Narasimham Committee (1991) recommended financial sector reforms including a phased reduction in the statutory liquidity ratio and cash reserve ratio to free resources for lending. It also suggested prudential norms and capital adequacy based on international standards. The other options are not part of its recommendations.

Question 29General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The Permanent Settlement of 1793, introduced by Lord Cornwallis, was primarily implemented in which region of India?

  1. Punjab and the North-West Frontier
  2. Madras and Bombay Presidencies
  3. Bengal and Bihar Correct answer.
  4. Central Provinces and Berar

Explanation

The Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal and Bihar in 1793, fixing land revenue in perpetuity with zamindars recognised as proprietors. It was later extended to parts of Orissa and Varanasi but not to the Madras or Bombay Presidencies, which adopted the ryotwari system. Punjab and the Central Provinces came under different revenue arrangements.

Question 30General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages in the budgetary process in India?

  1. Presentation of Budget, Appropriation Bill, Finance Bill, Vote on Account
  2. Presentation of Budget, general discussion, scrutiny by departmental committees, voting on demands for grants, Appropriation Bill, Finance Bill Correct answer.
  3. Finance Bill, Appropriation Bill, general discussion, voting on demands for grants
  4. Vote on Account, Finance Bill, general discussion, Appropriation Bill

Explanation

The annual financial statement is presented first, followed by a general discussion, scrutiny by departmental standing committees, voting on demands for grants, passage of the Appropriation Bill, and finally the Finance Bill to enact taxation proposals. A vote on account is a temporary measure, usually taken before the full budget is passed, not a fixed first stage. The sequence in the correct option reflects the standard parliamentary procedure.

Question 31General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following pairs of Indian revolutionary organisation and its founder is correctly matched?

  1. Anushilan Samiti - Aurobindo Ghosh
  2. Ghadar Party - Sohan Singh Bhakna Correct answer.
  3. Hindustan Socialist Republican Association - Bhagat Singh
  4. Abhinav Bharat - Lala Lajpat Rai

Explanation

The Ghadar Party was founded in 1913 in San Francisco by Sohan Singh Bhakna and other Indian immigrants. Anushilan Samiti was founded by Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others, with Aurobindo Ghosh as a key inspiration, but not solely by him. Abhinav Bharat was founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, and the HSRA was founded by Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, and others, with Bhagat Singh as a prominent leader rather than sole founder.

Question 32General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following factors best explains the location of the iron and steel industry in the Chhotanagpur region of India?

  1. Availability of coal, iron ore, and cheap labour in close proximity Correct answer.
  2. Proximity to major seaports for export
  3. Abundant hydroelectric power from the Himalayas
  4. Government subsidy under the Make in India programme

Explanation

The Chhotanagpur plateau region has rich deposits of iron ore, coal, and limestone, along with a large labour force, which together reduce transport and production costs for steel plants. Seaports are not nearby, and Himalayan hydropower is distant. Government policy may support industry but is not the primary locational factor.

Question 33General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following statements about the National Green Tribunal (NGT) is correct?

  1. Its Chairperson must be a retired Judge of a High Court only.
  2. It is bound by the procedure laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
  3. It is a constitutional body established under Article 324.
  4. It can adjudicate disputes relating to environmental laws and award compensation. Correct answer.

Explanation

The NGT was established by the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, to provide effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation. It has the power to order relief and compensation. It is a statutory, not constitutional, body, and it is not bound by the CPC but guided by principles of natural justice.

Question 34General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following is the correct order of the Himalayan ranges from north to south?

  1. Shivalik, Himadri, Himachal
  2. Himachal, Shivalik, Himadri
  3. Himadri, Shivalik, Himachal
  4. Himadri, Himachal, Shivalik Correct answer.

Explanation

The Himalayan ranges from north to south are the Himadri (Greater Himalaya), the Himachal (Lesser Himalaya), and the Shivalik (Outer Himalaya). The Himadri is the northernmost and highest, while the Shivalik is the southernmost and lowest. This sequence is a standard feature of Himalayan geography.

Question 35General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Consider a situation where the President of India dies in office. Who discharges the functions of the President until a new President is elected?

  1. The Chief Justice of India
  2. The Vice-President Correct answer.
  3. The Prime Minister
  4. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Explanation

Article 65 of the Constitution provides that in the event of a vacancy in the office of the President, the Vice-President acts as President until a new President is elected. The Vice-President does not become President but discharges the functions temporarily. The other officeholders have no constitutional role in this succession.

Question 36General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following is the primary objective of the Reserve Bank of India's 'Operation Twist' conducted in 2019–20?

  1. To nationalise private banks
  2. To reduce the fiscal deficit of the central government
  3. To manage liquidity and influence the yield curve by buying long-term bonds and selling short-term bonds Correct answer.
  4. To fix the exchange rate of the rupee

Explanation

Operation Twist involved the RBI purchasing long-term government securities and simultaneously selling short-term securities. This aimed to lower long-term interest rates and flatten the yield curve, thereby supporting investment and credit growth. It does not directly address the fiscal deficit or exchange rate.

Question 37General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following was the main objective of the Rowlatt Act of 1919?

  1. To establish a federal court in India
  2. To suppress revolutionary and seditious activities by allowing detention without trial Correct answer.
  3. To abolish the zamindari system
  4. To introduce constitutional reforms in the provinces

Explanation

The Rowlatt Act, officially the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919, empowered authorities to arrest and detain individuals suspected of sedition without trial for up to two years. It was aimed at curbing revolutionary activities and was widely opposed, leading to nationwide protests including the Jallianwala Bagh incident. The other options relate to different measures.

Question 38General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following is an example of a 'demographic dividend' in India?

  1. An increase in the proportion of the elderly population
  2. A rising dependency ratio due to a high birth rate
  3. An increasing proportion of the population in the working-age group (15–64 years) Correct answer.
  4. A decline in the labour force participation rate

Explanation

Demographic dividend refers to the economic growth potential that arises when a country's working-age population is larger than its dependent population. In India, a rising share of people aged 15–64, combined with a falling dependency ratio, creates this opportunity. The other options describe demographic burdens rather than the dividend.

Question 39General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

The Indian Constitution provides for the appointment of a Finance Commission every five years. Which of the following is NOT a function of the Finance Commission?

  1. Recommending the distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the Union and the States
  2. Fixing the salaries and allowances of Members of Parliament Correct answer.
  3. Reviewing the financial position of Panchayats and Municipalities
  4. Recommending principles governing grants-in-aid to States

Explanation

Article 280 assigns the Finance Commission to recommend tax devolution, grants-in-aid, and measures for augmenting the finances of local bodies. The salaries and allowances of MPs are determined by Parliament by law under Article 106, not by the Finance Commission. Therefore, the last option is not a function of the Finance Commission.

Question 40General Studies (Indian polity, geography, history, economy, current affairs)

Which of the following is a cold desert in India?

  1. Deccan Plateau
  2. Rann of Kutch
  3. Thar Desert
  4. Ladakh Desert Correct answer.

Explanation

The Ladakh region lies in the rain-shadow of the Himalayas and receives very little precipitation, making it a cold desert. The Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch are hot deserts, while the Deccan Plateau is a semi-arid region but not a desert. The cold desert is characterised by high altitude and low temperatures.

Question 41Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

माध्यमिक कक्षा में पढ़ाने से पहले शिक्षक छात्रों के पूर्व ज्ञान का पता लगाता है। यह क्रिया किस शैक्षिक अवधारणा से सर्वाधिक मेल खाती है?

  1. पूर्व ज्ञान का आकलन करना Correct answer.
  2. गृहकार्य जाँचना
  3. वार्षिक परीक्षा आयोजित करना
  4. प्रगति पत्र बनाना

Explanation

नई सामग्री पढ़ाने से पहले छात्रों के पहले से मौजूद ज्ञान का पता लगाना पूर्व ज्ञान का आकलन है। यह शिक्षक को पाठ की कठिनाई तय करने और भ्रांतियाँ दूर करने में मदद करता है। यह रचनावादी उपागम का आधार है, जिसमें नया ज्ञान पुराने ज्ञान से जुड़कर अर्थ बनाता है।

Question 42Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

पियाजे के अनुसार मूर्त संक्रियात्मक अवस्था की मुख्य विशेषता कौन-सी है?

  1. अमूर्त तर्क में पूर्ण सक्षमता
  2. स्वकेंद्रित कल्पनात्मक खेल
  3. संरक्षण और वर्गीकरण की समझ Correct answer.
  4. केवल इंद्रिय-आधारित प्रतिक्रिया

Explanation

मूर्त संक्रियात्मक अवस्था में बालक संरक्षण, वर्गीकरण और क्रमबद्धता जैसे मानसिक संचालन ठोस वस्तुओं पर कर सकता है। यह अवस्था लगभग सात से ग्यारह वर्ष तक रहती है। अमूर्त तर्क बाद की औपचारिक संक्रियात्मक अवस्था में विकसित होता है।

Question 43Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

वाइगोत्स्की के अनुसार 'समीपस्थ विकास क्षेत्र' किस बात को दर्शाता है?

  1. बालक जो सहायता से कर सकता है Correct answer.
  2. बालक की स्थिर बुद्धि-लब्धि
  3. बालक की शारीरिक वृद्धि
  4. बालक जो अकेले कर सकता है

Explanation

समीपस्थ विकास क्षेत्र वह दूरी है जो बालक के स्वतंत्र निष्पादन और वयस्क या सक्षम साथी की सहायता से संभव निष्पादन के बीच होती है। इसलिए यह संभावित विकास का क्षेत्र है। शिक्षण को इसी क्षेत्र में कार्य करना चाहिए।

Question 44Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

कक्षा में शिक्षक प्रश्न पूछकर छात्रों को उत्तर देने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करता है और तुरंत प्रतिपुष्टि देता है। यह किस प्रकार का शिक्षण सर्वाधिक है?

  1. मौन प्रतिबिंबन
  2. शिक्षक-केंद्रित व्याख्यान
  3. स्वतंत्र अध्ययन सत्र
  4. छात्र-सक्रिय संवादात्मक शिक्षण Correct answer.

Explanation

प्रश्न-उत्तर और तत्काल प्रतिपुष्टि के माध्यम से छात्र सक्रिय रूप से सीखने की प्रक्रिया में भाग लेते हैं। यह संवादात्मक शिक्षण है, जिसमें शिक्षक सहभागिता और स्पष्टीकरण को बढ़ावा देता है। यह केवल एकपक्षीय व्याख्यान से भिन्न है।

Question 45Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

ब्लूम के संशोधित वर्गीकरण में 'विश्लेषण' स्तर की पहचान क्या है?

  1. अवधारणाओं के बीच संबंध तोड़कर जाँचना Correct answer.
  2. नई सामग्री का मूल्यांकन करना
  3. तथ्यों को सरल रूप में दोहराना
  4. सूचना को याद करना

Explanation

विश्लेषण स्तर में सामग्री को घटकों में बाँटकर उनके संबंध और संरचना की जाँच की जाती है। यह समझ से ऊपर का संज्ञानात्मक स्तर है। मूल्यांकन और सृजन इससे भी ऊँचे स्तर हैं।

Question 46Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

कक्षा में एक छात्र लगातार असफल होने पर कहता है, 'मैं कभी गणित नहीं सीख सकता।' शिक्षक को कौन-सी प्रतिक्रिया सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त है?

  1. उसे अतिरिक्त कार्य बिना सहायता के देना
  2. उसकी असफलता को उसकी बुद्धि का प्रमाण मानना
  3. उसे कहना कि गणित सबके लिए नहीं है
  4. उसकी धारणा को चुनौती देकर छोटे लक्ष्य और प्रयास-आधारित प्रतिपुष्टि देना Correct answer.

Explanation

यह कथन असहायता-आधारित धारणा को दर्शाता है, जिसे प्रयास और रणनीति पर बल देकर बदला जा सकता है। छोटे लक्ष्य और प्रक्रिया-आधारित प्रतिपुष्टि वृद्धि मानसिकता को बढ़ाते हैं। शिक्षक को क्षमता पर नहीं, सीखने की प्रक्रिया पर ध्यान देना चाहिए।

Question 47Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

किस अधिगम सिद्धांत में प्रतिक्रिया के तुरंत बाद पुनर्बलन देने से व्यवहार की आवृत्ति बढ़ने की बात कही गई है?

  1. मानवतावादी सिद्धांत
  2. सामाजिक अधिगम सिद्धांत
  3. संज्ञानात्मक संरचनावाद
  4. क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंधन Correct answer.

Explanation

क्रियाप्रसूत अनुबंधन में व्यवहार के परिणाम उसकी भविष्य की आवृत्ति निर्धारित करते हैं। पुनर्बलन से व्यवहार को मजबूती मिलती है और दंड से उसकी आवृत्ति घटती है। यह स्किनर के प्रयोगों पर आधारित है।

Question 48Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

छात्रों को समूह में परियोजना पूरी करने के लिए दिया जाता है, जिसमें प्रत्येक सदस्य का योगदान आवश्यक है। यह किस अधिगम उपागम को दर्शाता है?

  1. प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक अधिगम
  2. शिक्षक-केंद्रित अधिगम
  3. सहकारी अधिगम Correct answer.
  4. व्यक्तिगत अधिगम

Explanation

सहकारी अधिगम में छात्र साझा लक्ष्य के लिए मिलकर कार्य करते हैं और सफलता समूह पर निर्भर होती है। इसमें सकारात्मक अन्योन्याश्रयता और व्यक्तिगत जवाबदेही दोनों होती हैं। यह सामाजिक कौशल भी विकसित करता है।

Question 49Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

किसी छात्र का बुद्धि-लब्धि 130 है। शैक्षिक वर्गीकरण के अनुसार वह सामान्यतः किस श्रेणी में आता है?

  1. औसत बुद्धि
  2. सीमा रेखीय बुद्धि
  3. गंभीर मंदबुद्धि
  4. प्रतिभाशाली Correct answer.

Explanation

मानक बुद्धि-लब्धि वितरण में 130 से अधिक लब्धि प्रतिभाशाली श्रेणी में मानी जाती है। औसत लब्धि लगभग 90 से 110 के बीच होती है। इसलिए 130 प्रतिभाशाली श्रेणी की ओर संकेत करता है।

Question 50Educational Psychology and Pedagogy

शिक्षक कक्षा में विविध क्षमताओं वाले छात्रों के लिए अलग-अलग कार्य, सामग्री और समय देता है। यह किस अवधारणा का उदाहरण है?

  1. पूर्ण कक्षा व्याख्यान
  2. सजातीय समूहन
  3. मानकीकृत परीक्षण
  4. विभेदित अनुदेशन Correct answer.

Explanation

विभेदित अनुदेशन में शिक्षक छात्रों की तैयारी, रुचि और अधिगम शैली के अनुसार सामग्री, प्रक्रिया और उत्पाद में बदलाव करता है। इसका उद्देश्य सभी छात्रों की भागीदारी सुनिश्चित करना है। यह समावेशी कक्षा की आवश्यकता है।