CG Vyapam ADEO flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Article 21A

Inserted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment (2002), it makes free and compulsory education a fundamental right for all children aged 6 to 14 years.

Tropic of Cancer

The 23°30′N latitude that passes through 8 Indian states, including Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.

GDP deflator

A price index calculated as nominal GDP divided by real GDP times 100; it measures the change in the overall price level of all goods and services in an economy.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's concept describing the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with adult or peer guidance; scaffolding operates within this zone.

Piaget's concrete operational stage

Ages 7–11, when children master conservation, classification, seriation, and reversibility, but still struggle with abstract hypothetical reasoning compared with the formal operational stage.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

Anderson and Krathwohl's 2001 hierarchy of cognitive processes: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create; used to frame learning objectives and assessment questions.

School Management Committee

A mandatory body in every government and aided school under RTE Section 21, with 75% parent members; it prepares the school development plan and monitors school functioning.

Pupil-teacher ratio under RTE

The RTE Act, 2009 prescribes 30:1 at the primary level and 35:1 at the upper primary level; schools must maintain these ratios to remain compliant.

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan

The 2018 umbrella scheme for school education from pre-primary to Class XII, merging SSA, RMSA, and Teacher Education; it funds school grants, training, and inclusive education.

RTE Section 12(1)(c)

Requires private unaided schools to reserve 25% of entry-level seats for children from disadvantaged and weaker sections, with fees reimbursed by the state government.

NEP 2020 curricular structure

The 5+3+3+4 structure: foundational (ages 3–8), preparatory (8–11), middle (11–14), and secondary (14–18), replacing the earlier 10+2 system with multidisciplinary integration.

NIPUN Bharat

A 2021 national mission under NEP 2020 for foundational literacy and numeracy, targeting children aged 3–9 to ensure they read with comprehension and perform basic mathematics by Grade 3.

Chhattisgarh formation

Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 2000 under the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, becoming India's 26th state with Raipur as capital.

Chitrakote Falls

A waterfall on the Indravati River in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh, often called the 'Niagara of India' for its width and horseshoe shape during the monsoon.

Chhattisgarh literacy rate

According to Census 2011, Chhattisgarh's literacy rate is 70.28% overall, with male literacy at 80.27% and female literacy at 60.24%.

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles

Development proceeds from head to toe (cephalocaudal) and from the centre of the body outward to the extremities (proximodistal); these describe typical physical growth patterns in children.

Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation comes from interest and satisfaction in the activity itself; extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards or punishments. Overusing external rewards can reduce intrinsic interest.

Multiple intelligences theory

Howard Gardner's theory proposing eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic; it challenges a single IQ measure.

Formative assessment

Ongoing, diagnostic assessment during teaching that provides feedback to improve learning (assessment for learning), as distinguished from summative assessment at the end of a term.

Reliability and validity

Reliability is the consistency of test scores across occasions or forms; validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. A test can be reliable but not valid.

Item difficulty index

The proportion of students who answer an item correctly (p); values near 0.5 provide maximum discrimination, while very high or very low values indicate too easy or too hard items.

NCF 2023

The National Curriculum Framework for School Education released in 2023, aligned with NEP 2020; it proposes the 5+3+3+4 structure, multidisciplinary learning, and vocational integration.

दीर्घ संधि

जब संधि करते समय अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ में से कोई स्वर आगे के स्वर से मिलता है तो दोनों मिलकर दीर्घ स्वर बन जाते हैं; जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय।

तत्पुरुष समास

वह समास जिसमें उत्तर पद प्रधान होता है और पूर्व पद के कारक चिह्न लुप्त हो जाते हैं; जैसे राजपुत्र अर्थात राजा का पुत्र।

अनुप्रास अलंकार

जब किसी वाक्य में एक ही वर्ण की आवृत्ति बार-बार होती है, तो उसे अनुप्रास अलंकार कहते हैं; जैसे 'चारु चंद्र की चंचल किरणें'।

Articles a, an, the

Use 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, an MLA), and 'the' for definite or specific reference; articles are determiners that modify nouns.

Present perfect tense

Formed with has/have plus the past participle, it expresses a past action with present relevance or an action continuing to the present, often with 'since' or 'for'.

Subject-verb agreement rule

Each, every, either, neither, and 'one of the' take a singular verb; collective nouns take a singular verb when acting as a unit and a plural verb when members act individually.

Successive percentage change formula

For successive changes of a% and b%, the net change is a + b + ab/100 percent; for example, a 10% increase followed by a 10% decrease yields a net 1% decrease.

Compound interest formula

CI = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1], where P is principal, R is annual rate, and T is time in years; for half-yearly compounding, use R/2 and 2T.

Average speed for equal distances

When a body travels equal distances at speeds x and y, the average speed is 2xy/(x + y), which is the harmonic mean, not the arithmetic mean of the two speeds.

Syllogism reasoning rule

In categorical syllogisms, 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; 'Some A are B' is reversible; conclusions must follow necessarily from the given premises using Venn diagrams.