CHSE Odisha Voc. PHC & MLT flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Anatomical position

Standing erect, face forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward and feet together. All directional terms such as superior, medial and proximal are defined relative to this reference position.

Cardiac output formula

Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume. A resting adult output is about 5 litres per minute; a fall in either factor reduces tissue oxygen delivery.

Normal adult vital signs

Pulse 60-100 beats per minute, respiratory rate 12-20 per minute, oral temperature 36.5-37.5 degrees Celsius, systolic blood pressure 90-120 mmHg, and oxygen saturation 95-100 percent on room air.

Adult CPR compression ratio

For a single or two-rescuer adult resuscitation, deliver 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths, compressing at 100-120 per minute to a depth of 5-6 centimetres.

Vaccine cold chain range

Most vaccines must be kept at 2-8 degrees Celsius in a refrigerator. Freezing damages aluminium-adjuvanted vaccines such as DPT, hepatitis B and tetanus toxoid, so the refrigerator temperature is logged twice daily.

FEFO stock rotation

First Expiry First Out means stock with the earliest expiry date is issued first, regardless of when it arrived. It prevents wastage and keeps near-expiry items visible for prompt use.

Controlled drug register

Narcotic and psychotropic drugs are kept in a double-locked cupboard and recorded in a dedicated register showing balance after each transaction, with signatures and a physical count at every shift change.

Look-alike sound-alike drugs

Drug pairs with similar names or packaging, such as dopamine and dobutamine, are stored separately and carry high-alert warning labels to prevent selection and dispensing errors.

Bioavailability

The fraction of an administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged. Intravenous administration gives 100 percent; oral drugs are reduced by incomplete absorption and first-pass liver metabolism.

Drug half-life

The time required for plasma concentration of a drug to fall by half. Approximately four to five half-lives of regular dosing are needed to reach steady-state plasma levels.

Agonist versus antagonist

An agonist binds a receptor and triggers a biological response. An antagonist binds the same receptor without intrinsic activity and blocks or reverses the effect of an agonist.

Narrow therapeutic index drugs

Drugs whose toxic dose is close to the effective dose, such as digoxin, warfarin and lithium. They require plasma level monitoring and careful dose adjustment to avoid toxicity.

Enzyme induction

Repeated exposure to drugs such as rifampicin or phenytoin increases liver enzyme activity, accelerating metabolism of co-administered drugs and lowering their therapeutic effect.

Intradermal injection technique

Injection into the upper dermis using a 26-27 gauge needle, a 10-15 degree angle and a small volume such as 0.1 mL, producing a visible wheal as in Mantoux testing.

Subcutaneous injection sites

Insulin and heparin are injected into fatty tissue of the abdomen, outer thigh or upper arm using a short 25-27 gauge needle at 45-90 degrees, with sites rotated to prevent lipohypertrophy.

Dose calculation formula

Amount to administer equals the desired dose divided by the stock strength, multiplied by the stock volume. Always confirm the units match before measuring the calculated volume.

Intravenous drip rate formula

Drops per minute equals total volume in millilitres multiplied by the drop factor, divided by total time in minutes. A microdrip set has a drop factor of 60 drops per millilitre.

Order of draw for venepuncture

Blood culture, then sodium citrate, serum, heparin, EDTA and fluoride-oxalate tubes. Following this sequence prevents additive carryover between tubes that would distort coagulation and chemistry results.

EDTA tube use

Lavender-top EDTA tubes are used for haematology because EDTA chelates calcium and prevents clotting. They are unsuitable for calcium or most electrolyte biochemistry since the chelation lowers measured values.

Haemolysed sample effects

Red cell breakdown releases potassium, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase into serum, falsely raising these results. Such samples are rejected and a fresh specimen is requested.

Needle-stick injury first aid

Wash the wound with soap and running water without squeezing or sucking, apply antiseptic, report immediately, and arrange post-exposure prophylaxis assessment, ideally within a few hours of exposure.

Biomedical waste colour coding

Yellow for anatomical, soiled and infectious waste; red for contaminated recyclable plastic; white translucent for sharps; blue for glassware and metallic implants. Each category goes to its specified treatment stream.

Autoclave sterilisation parameters

Steam sterilisation at 121 degrees Celsius and 15 pounds per square inch for 15-20 minutes. Efficacy is verified with biological indicators containing Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores.

Hand hygiene five moments

Perform hand hygiene before patient contact, before an aseptic task, after body fluid exposure risk, after patient contact, and after touching patient surroundings. Alcohol rub suits clean hands; soap and water is needed when soiled.

Anaemia haemoglobin thresholds

Adult haemoglobin below 13 g/dL in men or below 12 g/dL in women. A microcytic hypochromic picture suggests iron deficiency; a macrocytic picture suggests vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.

Diabetes diagnostic glucose values

Fasting plasma glucose of 126 mg/dL or more on two occasions, or a random plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or more with classic symptoms, confirms diabetes mellitus.

Urinary tract infection dipstick

Positive nitrite and leucocyte esterase on a urine dipstick, with more than five white cells per high-power field on microscopy, support a diagnosis of urinary tract infection.

Gram stain principle

Gram-positive bacteria retain crystal violet-iodine complex and appear purple after decolourisation. Gram-negative bacteria lose the dye, take up the safranin counterstain and appear pink.

Urine specific gravity range

Normal urine specific gravity is 1.005 to 1.030. Higher values indicate concentrated urine from dehydration; persistently low fixed values near 1.010 suggest impaired renal concentrating ability.

Midstream urine collection

The patient cleans the genital area and collects the middle portion of the stream into a sterile container. This reduces skin and genital flora contamination before culture or dipstick analysis.

Informed consent elements

Valid consent requires patient capacity, adequate information about the procedure and its risks, comprehension of that information, and voluntary agreement without coercion, documented before the intervention.

Medical record correction rule

Errors in a patient record are struck through with a single line so the original remains legible, then corrected, dated, timed and signed. Erasing or overwriting destroys the legal validity of the record.