ESIC MTS key terms

A reasoning format with two premises and a conclusion, tested by checking whether the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises alone, regardless of real-world truth.

A diagram of overlapping circles used to picture sets and their relations; in reasoning, it verifies whether a syllogistic conclusion holds in every possible arrangement.

An unstated idea the author must accept for the argument to work; if negating it destroys the argument, it is a necessary assumption.

A conclusion drawn from given statements, going slightly beyond what is stated but still supported by it; tested as 'definitely true', 'probably true', or 'cannot be determined'.

The main claim an argument tries to establish, supported by the other statements; distinguished from evidence by asking what the passage is trying to prove.

A puzzle describing family ties through statements or symbols; solved by drawing a family tree and applying gender and generation clues carefully.

A test of tracking position and facing after a series of turns; solved by sketching each move and applying Pythagoras for shortest distance when turns are at right angles.

A puzzle placing people in rows or circles under relative-position clues; the key skill is fixing one anchor person and testing each clue for consistency.

A question where words or letters are transformed by a hidden rule; the task is to identify the pattern and apply it to a new word.

Finding the missing or wrong element in a sequence of numbers, letters, or figures by detecting the arithmetic, geometric, or positional rule governing it.

A pair-based question testing the relationship between two items; you identify the relation and select the option showing the same relation.

An odd-one-out question where all options but one share a common property; the answer is the item that breaks the shared rule.

A question giving a problem statement and asking which suggested actions are practical, relevant, and proportionate responses to it.

A question asking whether the given statements supply enough information to answer a query, without requiring you to compute the final value.

The supreme law of India, adopted in 1949 and effective 26 January 1950, laying down fundamental rights, directive principles, and the structure of government.

The opening statement of the Constitution declaring India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and listing justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity as objectives.

Basic rights guaranteed in Part III of the Constitution, including equality, freedom of speech, life and personal liberty, and constitutional remedies enforceable in court.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing governments toward social and economic welfare; they are not directly enforceable in courts.

The lower house of Parliament, whose members are directly elected by voters; it controls the council of ministers and holds the decisive say on money bills.

The upper house of Parliament, representing states and union territories; members are elected indirectly by state legislators and hold fixed six-year terms.

The national legislature comprising the President, the Rajya Sabha, and the Lok Sabha; it makes laws, approves budgets, and exercises oversight of the executive.

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation, a statutory body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment that administers health insurance and cash benefits for insured workers.

A social security law of 1948 providing sickness, maternity, disability, and dependant benefits to covered employees, funded by contributions from employers and workers.

The Reserve Bank of India, the central bank that issues currency, manages monetary policy, and regulates banks; it was nationalised in 1949.

The interest rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to commercial banks against securities; raising it generally tightens credit and cools inflation.

Central bank actions managing money supply and interest rates to control inflation and support growth, decided by the RBI's Monetary Policy Committee.

A fraction expressed out of one hundred; to convert a fraction to percent multiply by 100, and to find a percent of a number multiply the number by the rate over 100.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind; a proportion states that two ratios are equal, allowing an unknown term to be found by cross-multiplication.

The sum of all values divided by their count; if every value rises or falls by the same amount, the average shifts by that same amount.

Interest computed only on the original principal, equal to principal times rate times time divided by 100, with no compounding of earned interest.

Interest calculated on both the principal and previously earned interest, so the amount grows as principal times one plus the rate over 100 raised to the number of periods.

Commercial calculations where profit equals selling price minus cost price; percentages are conventionally taken on the cost price unless stated otherwise.

A reduction from the marked price, usually quoted as a percent of it; successive discounts are applied one after another, not added together.

Problems where each worker's rate is a fraction of the job per unit time; combined rates add, and total time equals one divided by the sum of rates.

The relation that distance equals speed multiplied by time; relative speed problems add speeds when moving in opposite directions and subtract them when moving the same way.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person; intervening phrases do not change the subject, and collective nouns usually take singular verbs.

The grammatical form showing when an action occurs; in error spotting, check that the tense sequence and time markers in a sentence are consistent.

A word showing the relation of a noun or pronoun to another element, such as in, on, at, of, or to; incorrect choice is a common error-spotting trap.

The determiners a, an, and the; 'a' and 'an' precede singular countable nouns, while 'the' marks something specific or already known to the reader.

A word with a meaning close to another word; synonym questions require picking the option nearest in sense, not merely a related or opposite word.

A word opposite in meaning to another; the correct option must contrast directly in sense rather than differ only in tone or part of speech.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag' meaning to reveal a secret.

A passage with blanks to be filled by choosing the option that fits both the grammar and the overall meaning of the surrounding text.

A passage followed by questions on its main idea, details, tone, and implied meaning; answers must be supported by the text, not by outside knowledge.