ESIC UDC cheat sheet

Constitutional facts: the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949; it came into force on 26 January 1950. Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights occupy Part III (Articles 12–35); Directive Principles occupy Part IV (Articles 36–51); Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on Swaran Singh Committee advice.

RBI was established on 1 April 1935 under the RBI Act 1934 and nationalised in 1949; it issues currency notes (except one-rupee notes/coins, which are the Government of India's responsibility).

ESIC: the Employees' State Insurance Act 1948 came into force in 1952; ESIC is a statutory body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, headed by a Director General, and administers cash benefits and medical care.

Indian geography extremes: Kanchenjunga is the highest peak wholly in India; Indira Point (Great Nicobar) is the southernmost point; the Tropic of Cancer passes through eight states.

Static science: the SI unit of force is the newton, of pressure the pascal, of power the watt; the speed of light in vacuum is about 3 × 10^8 m/s; blood pH is about 7.4.

Indian economy basics: the First Five-Year Plan (1951–56) focused on agriculture; the Green Revolution is associated with M. S. Swaminathan; NABARD (1982) is the apex development bank for agriculture and rural credit.

Books, authors and days: 'Discovery of India' - Jawaharlal Nehru; National Sports Day - 29 August (Dhyan Chand's birthday); National Science Day - 28 February (Raman effect).

International organisations: the UN was founded in 1945 with headquarters in New York; the WHO is headquartered in Geneva; the SAARC secretariat is in Kathmandu.

Coding-decoding: map each letter to its position (A=1 … Z=26). Opposite-letter pairs sum to 27 (A–Z, B–Y, M–N); check shifts and reversals before assuming a new rule.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with fixed symbols - square for male, circle for female, horizontal line for siblings, vertical line for parent-child. 'Only son of my grandfather' = my father or my uncle.

Direction sense: use a coordinate grid. Facing north, a right turn gives east, left gives west; net displacement = √(x² + y²) after totalling all moves.

Series completion: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating or two interleaved series; for letter series check gaps like +2, +3, +4 or reverse alphabets.

Syllogism: apply Venn diagrams. 'All A are B' plus 'All B are C' gives 'All A are C'. A conclusion is valid only if true in every possible diagram; 'some' statements are reversible, 'all' are not.

Seating arrangement: fix the first clue as an anchor, mark left/right relative to facing direction, and in circular arrangements facing the centre means left is clockwise.

Analogy and classification: test the relationship type - part-to-whole, worker-to-tool, cause-to-effect, synonym/antonym, or number property (prime, square, multiple).

Number and symbol substitution and inequality: in coded inequalities, A > B ≥ C implies A > C; combine chains only when the symbols point the same way.

Percentages: x% increase followed by x% decrease gives a net change of −x²/100 %. Successive changes a% and b% combine as a + b + ab/100.

Profit and loss: profit % is always on cost price unless stated. Selling price = CP × (100 + profit%)/100; for two articles sold at the same price with equal gain and loss percentages there is always a net loss of (x/10)² %.

Simple and compound interest: SI = PRT/100; CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P. For two years the CI − SI difference equals P(R/100)².

Time, speed and distance: speed = distance/time; convert km/h to m/s by multiplying by 5/18. Average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x + y).

Time and work: if A finishes in a days and B in b days, together they take ab/(a + b) days. Use LCM of days as total work units to avoid fractions.

Averages and mixtures: new average after adding a value = (old total + value)/(old count + 1). Alligation rule: ratio of quantities = (mean − cheaper) : (dearer − mean).

Mensuration: area of circle = πr², circumference = 2πr; volume of cylinder = πr²h, of cone = (1/3)πr²h, of sphere = (4/3)πr³; surface area of sphere = 4πr².

Number system: divisibility by 3 or 9 depends on digit sum; by 4 on the last two digits; by 8 on the last three; by 11 on the alternating digit-sum difference. HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers.

Ratio and partnership: divide profit in the ratio of capital × time. If a : b = 2 : 3 and b : c = 4 : 5, then a : b : c = 8 : 12 : 15.

Subject-verb agreement: 'one of + plural noun' takes a singular verb; 'each, every, either, neither, everyone' are singular; 'a number of' is plural while 'the number of' is singular.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' with superlatives, unique objects and rivers/ranges; no article before uncountable nouns in a general sense.

Prepositions fixed with verbs: depend on, insist on, comply with, capable of, prefer to, married to, congratulate on, deprived of, abstain from.

Tenses: after 'since' or 'for' with a present result, use present perfect ('has worked here since 2019'); after 'if' in a real condition use the present, not 'will'.

Voice: only transitive verbs passivise. Passive = form of 'be' + past participle; the object of the active becomes the subject.

Direct to indirect speech: change present to past, 'this' to 'that', 'today' to 'that day', and 'tomorrow' to 'the next day'; questions become statements with 'if/whether' or the question word.

Common error traps: 'discuss about', 'return back', 'more better', 'senior than' (correct: senior to), 'comprises of' (correct: comprises) - all are wrong in standard usage.

Vocabulary: synonym of 'abundant' is plentiful; antonym of 'benevolent' is cruel; idiom 'to bite the dust' means to fail or be defeated; 'once in a blue moon' means very rarely.

Cloze and para-jumbles: identify the topic sentence first, then use pronoun and connector cues (however, therefore, moreover) to fix the logical order.

Memory hierarchy by speed: registers > cache > RAM > SSD/HDD; RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile. 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB.

Generations: first generation used vacuum tubes, second transistors, third integrated circuits, fourth microprocessors, fifth AI and parallel processing.

Shortcut keys: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+A select all, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Alt+F4 close window, F2 rename.

MS Word: Ctrl+B bold, Ctrl+U underline; MS Excel: formulas begin with '=', SUM(A1:A10) adds a range, and $A$1 is an absolute reference that does not shift when copied.

Internet basics: HTTP/HTTPS are protocols for web pages, FTP for file transfer, SMTP for sending mail, POP3/IMAP for receiving. A URL has protocol, domain and path; an IP address is a numeric host identifier.

Networking: LAN covers a small area, WAN a wide area; a router forwards packets between networks, a switch works within a LAN, and a firewall filters traffic.

Operating system functions: process management, memory management, file system handling and device drivers. Windows, Linux and macOS are operating systems; C and Java are programming languages.

Security: a virus attaches to files and needs a host, a worm self-replicates across networks, a Trojan disguises itself as useful software; phishing is a fraudulent message that steals credentials.

File types: .docx (Word), .xlsx (Excel), .pptx (PowerPoint), .pdf (portable document), .exe (executable), .jpg/.png (images), .html (web page).