ESIC UDC flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Article 32

Called the right to constitutional remedies, it lets a citizen move the Supreme Court directly by writ for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Dr Ambedkar termed it the heart and soul of the Constitution.

ESIC establishment

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation is a statutory body created under the ESI Act 1948, which came into force in 1952. It works under the Ministry of Labour and Employment and provides medical and cash benefits.

Repo rate

The rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities. Raising it usually reduces liquidity and helps control inflation.

Tropic of Cancer

The latitude about 23.5 degrees north of the equator. In India it passes through eight states, including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.

Blood relation symbols

In reasoning diagrams, a square denotes a male, a circle a female, a horizontal line siblings and a vertical line parent and child. Consistent symbols prevent errors in complex family puzzles.

Syllogism validity test

A conclusion follows only if it is true in every possible Venn diagram of the premises. If even one arrangement makes it false, the conclusion does not follow.

Opposite letter pairs

In the English alphabet the pairs A-Z, B-Y, C-X and so on have position numbers adding to 27. This shortcut quickly solves coding questions based on reversed alphabets.

Direction displacement

After totalling all moves on a coordinate grid, the straight-line distance from the start is the square root of the sum of the squared net horizontal and vertical distances.

Circular seating facing centre

When people face the centre of a circle, a person's left is clockwise and right is anticlockwise. When they face outward, the directions are reversed.

Successive percentage change

Two successive changes of a percent and b percent give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent. An equal increase and decrease of x percent always leaves a net loss of x squared divided by 100.

Compound interest formula

Compound interest equals P times (1 plus R over 100) raised to T, minus P. For two years the gap between compound and simple interest equals P times R over 100 squared.

Average speed equal distances

When equal distances are covered at speeds x and y, the average speed is 2xy divided by (x + y), which is the harmonic mean and never the simple arithmetic average.

Work together formula

If A alone takes a days and B alone takes b days, working together they finish in ab divided by (a + b) days. Using the LCM of the days as total work avoids fractions.

Alligation rule

To mix two items of prices cheaper and dearer to obtain a mean price, the ratio of their quantities is (mean minus cheaper) to (dearer minus mean).

HCF and LCM relation

For any two positive integers, the product of the numbers equals the product of their highest common factor and lowest common multiple. This lets you find one value from the other three.

Divisibility by 11

A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sum of digits in odd places and the sum in even places is zero or a multiple of 11.

Subject-verb agreement one of

In the pattern one of plus a plural noun, the verb agrees with one and stays singular. Each, every, either and neither also take singular verbs.

Since with present perfect

Since and for used with an action continuing to the present require the present perfect tense, as in she has worked here since 2019, never the simple present.

Articles a and an

Use an before a vowel sound and a before a consonant sound, judged by pronunciation. So an hour and an MLA, but a university and a European.

Idiom bite the dust

The idiom means to fail, be defeated or die. It is used for someone or something that comes to an end after a struggle or setback.

Senior to not senior than

Adjectives like senior, junior, superior, inferior and prior take to, not than, because they already express comparison. He is senior to me is correct.

Passive voice formation

The passive is formed with a form of the verb be plus the past participle, and only transitive verbs can be made passive. The active object becomes the new subject.

Volatile versus non-volatile memory

Volatile memory such as RAM loses its contents when power is switched off. Non-volatile memory such as ROM, hard disks and pen drives retains data without power.

Absolute cell reference

In a spreadsheet, a dollar sign before the column and row, as in $A$1, locks the reference so it does not change when the formula is copied to other cells.

Router versus switch

A router forwards data packets between different networks and chooses paths. A switch connects devices inside one local area network and forwards frames by MAC address.

HTTP and HTTPS

Hypertext Transfer Protocol governs how web browsers and servers exchange pages. HTTPS adds encryption through TLS, protecting data such as passwords and card details in transit.

Worm versus virus

A virus attaches to a host file and spreads when that file runs. A worm self-replicates and spreads across networks without any host file or user action.

Computer generations

First generation used vacuum tubes, the second transistors, the third integrated circuits and the fourth microprocessors. The fifth generation is associated with artificial intelligence and parallel processing.

Ctrl+Z and Ctrl+Y

In most Windows applications Ctrl+Z undoes the last action while Ctrl+Y redoes it. Ctrl+S saves, Ctrl+P prints and Alt+F4 closes the active window.

SMTP and POP3

SMTP is the protocol for sending outgoing email from a client to a server. POP3 and IMAP are used by mail clients to retrieve incoming messages from a mailbox.

NABARD

The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, set up in 1982, is the apex institution for rural credit and refinance. It supports agriculture, small industries and rural infrastructure.

Green Revolution in India

The programme from the late 1960s that raised food grain output through high-yielding wheat and rice varieties, irrigation and fertilisers. M. S. Swaminathan is regarded as its chief architect.