ESIC UDC key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, covering equality, speech, life, religion and remedies. They are enforceable in court through writ petitions, unlike Directive Principles.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution directing the state toward social and economic welfare. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance and help frame policy and legislation.

The opening statement of the Indian Constitution declaring India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and listing justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as its objectives. Courts use it to interpret constitutional provisions.

A formal application to a High Court or the Supreme Court asking it to order a public authority to act or refrain from acting. Common writs include habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition and quo warranto.

The upper house of the Indian Parliament, representing states and union territories. Members are elected indirectly by state legislators and serve six-year terms, with one-third retiring every two years.

The lower and directly elected house of the Indian Parliament. Its members serve five-year terms, it controls the Council of Ministers, and it has decisive power over money bills.

A bill dealing only with taxation, borrowing, or expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India. It can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha cannot amend or reject it.

The constitutional auditor of India who examines all government receipts and expenditure and reports to Parliament. Appointed by the President, the CAG safeguards public funds and is called the guardian of the public purse.

The main government account holding all revenues received, loans raised, and expenses incurred by the Union. Money can be withdrawn from it only after parliamentary appropriation, making legislative approval mandatory.

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation, a statutory body under the Ministry of Labour and Employment that administers health insurance and cash benefits for insured workers and their dependants across India.

The 1948 law establishing contributory social security in India. It provides sickness, maternity, disability, dependants' and medical benefits to covered employees, funded by contributions from employers and workers.

The three-tier system of rural local self-government in India, comprising gram panchayat, panchayat samiti and zila parishad. It was given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against securities. It is the main tool for controlling liquidity and inflation in the economy.

A sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services, which reduces the purchasing power of money. In India it is commonly measured by the Consumer Price Index and the Wholesale Price Index.

The gap between total government expenditure and total receipts excluding borrowings in a financial year. It shows how much the government must borrow and is expressed as a percentage of GDP.

Gross Domestic Product, the total money value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given period. It is the standard measure of the size and growth of an economy.

A reasoning question presenting a pair of related items and asking you to find another pair with the same logical relationship. The relation may involve meaning, function, order, cause or degree.

A reasoning task in which all but one item in a group share a common property, and you identify the odd item out. The link may be based on category, number property or letter pattern.

A sequence of numbers, letters or symbols following a hidden rule, where you must supply the next or missing element. Look for constant differences, multiplication, squares, or alternating patterns.

A reasoning question where words or letters are converted into a code using a fixed rule, and you must decode new words or encode given ones. Common rules shift letters by fixed positions or reverse order.

Reasoning problems describing family links in sentences or symbols, asking how two people are related. Drawing a small family tree with clear gender marks prevents errors in these questions.

Problems tracking a person's movement through turns and distances to find final direction or displacement. Sketching each move on paper and marking north as fixed avoids confusion.

Puzzles placing people around a circle or in a row under given conditions, requiring you to determine the full order. They test deduction and are best solved by combining clues into a fixed diagram.

A logic question giving two or more statements and asking which conclusions logically follow. Standard forms like all, some and no are checked using Venn diagrams to test validity.

A quantitative topic comparing two quantities of the same kind and equating two such comparisons. It is used to divide amounts, solve mixture problems, and scale values in partnership questions.

A fraction expressed as a part of one hundred, used to compare quantities and express increase, decrease or share. Converting percentages to fractions simplifies most profit, loss and interest calculations.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values, representing a central value. In aptitude tests it links total, count and mean, and is often combined with ratio and age problems.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using principal times rate times time divided by one hundred. It does not compound, so each year adds the same amount.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously earned interest, so the amount grows faster each period. It is computed using the compound amount formula and exceeds simple interest over multiple periods.

A quantitative relationship where distance equals speed multiplied by time, used for trains, boats and relative motion problems. Converting units and handling opposite or same-direction movement are key skills.

Problems measuring how long individuals or groups take to finish a task, using the idea that work done per day equals one divided by days taken. Rates are added when people work together.

Questions based on tables, bar charts, pie charts or line graphs where you compute values such as totals, averages and percentage changes. Careful reading of units and labels is essential.

The grammar rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb. Intervening phrases and collective nouns are frequent traps.

The form of a verb showing the time of an action and whether it is ongoing or complete. Correct sequence of tenses across clauses is a common test point in error-spotting questions.

Two ways of presenting an action: active voice makes the doer the subject, passive voice makes the receiver the subject. Passive forms use a form of be with the past participle.

Reporting someone's words either exactly in quotation marks or by paraphrasing them in a subordinate clause. Indirect speech requires changes in pronouns, tense and time expressions.

A short word such as in, on, at or of that links a noun or pronoun to another word and shows place, time or relation. Fixed combinations with verbs and adjectives are commonly tested.

A synonym is a word with nearly the same meaning as another, while an antonym has the opposite meaning. Vocabulary questions ask you to pick the closest or most opposite word in context.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be understood from its individual words, such as 'at the drop of a hat'. Exams test both the meaning and correct usage of such expressions.

The system software that manages hardware, files, memory and running programs, and provides a user interface. Common examples are Windows, Linux, macOS and Android.

RAM is volatile working memory that holds data currently in use and loses contents when power is off. ROM is non-volatile memory holding permanent startup instructions that cannot normally be changed.

A small, very fast memory placed between the processor and main memory that stores frequently used data. It reduces access time and speeds up processing compared with fetching from RAM.

A keyboard combination that performs a command quickly, such as Ctrl+C to copy or Ctrl+S to save. Knowledge of standard shortcuts is a regular topic in computer literacy tests.

Spreadsheet software from Microsoft used to store data in rows and columns and to calculate with formulas and functions. Cell references and functions like SUM and AVERAGE are commonly tested.

A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network so data can be sent to the right destination. IPv4 addresses have four numbers separated by dots.

Uniform Resource Locator, the address typed in a browser to locate a resource on the internet. It includes the protocol, domain name and often a path to a specific page.