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The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949, a date now observed as Constitution Day. The document came into force on 26 January 1950, which is celebrated as Republic Day. The two dates must not be confused: adoption and enforcement are separate events.
Article 32 empowers a citizen to move the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of Fundamental Rights through writs such as habeas corpus and mandamus. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar described it as the heart and soul of the Constitution. Articles 19 and 21 deal with freedoms and life and liberty respectively.
The Tropic of Cancer at roughly 23.5 degrees north latitude crosses eight Indian states, and Rajasthan is among them, passing near Banswara. Kerala lies well south of the line and Odisha and Punjab are not on the list. The eight states include Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.
The Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 with its central office in Kolkata, but the office was shifted to Mumbai in 1937, where it remains. Kolkata retains a regional office but not the headquarters. Mumbai is therefore the correct answer for the current headquarters.
The Godavari, rising in Maharashtra and flowing about 1,465 km to the Bay of Bengal, is the longest river whose entire course lies within India. The Ganga is longer overall but continues into Bangladesh. The Narmada and Krishna are shorter than the Godavari.
Robert Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, at Plassey in 1757, establishing Company political power in Bengal. Mir Jafar was the Nawab's commander who betrayed him and was installed as a puppet ruler afterwards. Tipu Sultan and Shah Alam II belong to later or different conflicts.
Ultraviolet-B radiation converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin into vitamin D3, which is then activated in the liver and kidneys. This is why limited sun exposure supports bone health. Vitamins A, B12 and C must be obtained mainly from diet.
Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate, written as NaHCO3. Washing soda is sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, and common salt is NaCl. Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is limestone and chalk.
The Election Commission of India, a constitutional body under Article 324, supervises and conducts elections to Parliament, State legislatures and the offices of President and Vice-President. NITI Aayog is a policy think tank and the CAG audits government accounts. The Home Ministry administers internal security but does not run elections.
The 86th Amendment inserted Article 51A(k), making it a duty of parents and guardians to provide education opportunities to children aged six to fourteen. Environmental protection, safeguarding public property and upholding sovereignty were all part of the original list added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.
Under Article 94, the Speaker resigns by writing to the Deputy Speaker, and the Deputy Speaker resigns to the Speaker. This internal arrangement preserves the independence of the presiding officers from the executive. The President and Prime Minister play no role in accepting such resignation.
The Third Five-Year Plan (1961-66) explicitly aimed at self-sufficiency in food grains and supported the intensive agricultural district programme linked to the Green Revolution. The First Plan emphasised agriculture but focused on irrigation and community development. The Fifth Plan stressed poverty removal and the Seventh emphasised growth with modernisation.
The secondary sector covers activities that transform raw materials into finished goods, such as weaving cotton into cloth in a mill. Agriculture is primary, while retail trade and banking are tertiary services. The classification depends on the nature of the activity, not the product.
The repo rate is the policy rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to banks against approved securities through repurchase agreements. The reverse repo is the rate at which the RBI absorbs liquidity from banks. Lending between banks overnight is the call money market.
Gujarat has the longest coastline among Indian states, at roughly 1,600 km, owing to the Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Khambhat. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have long coasts but shorter than Gujarat's. Maharashtra's coast is comparatively shorter.
The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, enacted during the Emergency, made extensive changes including adding Fundamental Duties and the words socialist and secular to the Preamble, earning it the nickname Mini-Constitution. The 44th Amendment later reversed several of its provisions. The 52nd Amendment introduced the anti-defection law.
Lord Dalhousie applied the Doctrine of Lapse between 1848 and 1856, annexing states such as Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur where rulers had no natural heir. The policy was one cause of the 1857 revolt. Wellesley used the Subsidiary Alliance, Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement, and Curzon carried out the 1905 partition of Bengal.
The liver is the largest gland and largest internal organ in the human body, weighing roughly 1.5 kg in adults. It secretes bile, stores glycogen and detoxifies harmful substances. The pancreas and thyroid are glands but much smaller, and the spleen is a lymphatic organ rather than a gland.
Carbon dioxide is the principal long-lived greenhouse gas emitted by fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, though methane and water vapour also contribute. Oxygen and nitrogen make up most of the atmosphere but do not absorb infrared radiation significantly. Helium is an inert noble gas with no greenhouse role.
Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for Gitanjali, the first Indian and the first Asian to receive a Nobel in any category. C. V. Raman won the Physics prize in 1930 and Amartya Sen won the Economics prize in 1998. Mother Teresa received the Peace Prize in 1979.
The Shivaraman Committee, also called the Committee to Review Arrangements for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development, recommended setting up NABARD, which was established in 1982. The Narasimham Committee dealt with financial sector reforms. The Malegam Committee examined microfinance and the Rangarajan Committee studied poverty measurement.
The Directive Principles were adapted from the Irish Constitution, which itself drew on the Spanish model. The makers of the Indian Constitution valued Ireland's blend of welfare goals with parliamentary democracy. Fundamental Rights were influenced by the US Bill of Rights, while the parliamentary system draws on Britain.
Article 280 provides for a Finance Commission constituted every five years to recommend the devolution of central taxes and grants-in-aid to states. The GST Council decides on GST rates and administration, while the Inter-State Council coordinates policy between the Union and states. The Public Accounts Committee examines government expenditure.
The Preamble as amended by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 describes India as a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic. It also declares justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as objectives. The words socialist and secular were inserted by that amendment, so older formulations without them are outdated.
Article 243H empowers a State legislature to authorise panchayats to levy and collect taxes, duties, tolls and fees and to assign them revenues. Article 243G deals with the powers and responsibilities of panchayats, while 243E fixes their duration and 243D provides for reservation of seats.
Mandamus literally means 'we command' and is used to compel an inferior court, tribunal, or public authority to carry out a public duty it has refused or neglected to perform. It cannot normally be issued against a private individual or against the President or Governors in their personal capacity.
The Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states, including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. Rajasthan is therefore the only state among the options that lies on this latitude.
Vinoba Bhave, a Gandhian social reformer, began the Bhoodan (land-gift) movement in 1951 at Pochampalli in present-day Telangana. It later widened into the Gramdan movement, in which whole villages were gifted to the community.
The Reserve Bank of India was constituted under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and commenced operations on 1 April 1935, with its central office initially in Kolkata. It was nationalised later, in 1949.
Marginal utility is the satisfaction gained from one more unit; under the law of diminishing marginal utility this successive increment declines as consumption increases. Total utility can still increase as long as marginal utility remains positive, and it peaks when marginal utility becomes zero.
A High Court judge is removed by the President on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity, after an address by both Houses of Parliament passed by a special majority in the same session. The procedure mirrors the removal of Supreme Court judges.
Kharif crops are sown with the onset of the south-west monsoon and harvested in autumn; bajra (pearl millet) is a typical Kharif crop. Wheat, gram and mustard are Rabi crops grown in the winter season.
The Poona Pact was signed in September 1932 between Gandhi and Ambedkar, following Gandhi's fast against the separate electorates granted to the Depressed Classes by the Communal Award. It replaced separate electorates with reserved seats within the general electorate.
Article 280 requires the President to constitute a Finance Commission every five years to recommend the distribution of tax proceeds between the Union and the States and related fiscal matters. The First Finance Commission was set up in 1951 under its provisions.
Commercial banks create credit by lending out a portion of the deposits they receive, since the borrowers' spending returns funds to the banking system as fresh deposits. This multiplier process is called credit creation and is distinct from merely accepting deposits.
Greenwich Mean Time is based on the Prime Meridian, the 0 degree longitude that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. Indian Standard Time is fixed at 82 degrees 30 minutes east, making it 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.
The Horn of Africa is the peninsula in the east of the continent comprising Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti. Somalia lies squarely in this region and has experienced severe recurring droughts.
Public goods are non-rival and non-excludable: one person's use does not reduce availability to others, and nobody can easily be prevented from using them. National defence meets both criteria, which is why markets underprovide it and the state finances it.
The official justification for the 1905 partition was that Bengal was too large to administer effectively, and the move created a new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. In practice it was widely seen as an attempt to weaken the nationalist movement and to divide Hindus and Muslims, and it was annulled in 1911.
Article 143 empowers the President to refer a question of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its advisory opinion. The resulting opinion is advisory rather than a binding adjudication between parties, but this is the specific constitutional route for such references.
Each letter moves one step forward in the alphabet: E→F, S→T, I→J, C→D. Applying the same forward-shift rule to U, D and C gives V, E and D.
The grandfather's only son must be Ravi's own father, since Ravi's father is the sole male child. The daughter of Ravi's father is therefore Ravi's sister.
The differences between consecutive terms are 3, 5, 7 and 9, an increasing odd-number sequence. The next difference is 11, so 27 + 11 = 38.
The code simply reverses the order of the letters of the word. Reversing 'RETUPMOC' (written here as the sequence R-E-T-U-P-M-O-C) restores the original spelling COMPUTER.
Walking 5 km north then 5 km south after two right turns cancels the north-south displacement. The only remaining displacement is the 3 km walked east, so the distance is 3 km.
A library is a place where books are kept and displayed for viewing. A museum plays the same role for paintings, making it the matching location.
121, 144 and 169 are perfect squares (11², 12², 13²). The number 180 is not a perfect square, so it is the odd one out.
Position from the right equals total minus position from the left plus one: 40 − 12 + 1 = 29. The addition of one accounts for Ramesh himself being counted in both directions.
The second statement 'Some officers are managers' does not guarantee any overlap with clerks, so conclusion I is not certain. The first statement 'All clerks are officers' converts to 'Some officers are clerks', so conclusion II follows.
With six seats and T at the right end, S must be at the left end for Q to be second to its left, but that placement conflicts, so S sits at seat 3 and Q at seat 1 is impossible; working the constraints gives P at the extreme left with R beside him.