JK Police SI cheat sheet

Subject-verb agreement: 'one of + plural noun' takes a singular verb; each, every, either and neither are singular; with either...or / neither...nor the verb agrees with the nearer subject.

Articles: 'a' precedes a consonant sound and 'an' a vowel sound, so 'an hour', 'an MLA', 'a university', 'a European'.

Present perfect (has/have + past participle) is used with since, for, just, already and yet; simple past is used with definite past markers such as yesterday, ago and in 1990.

Passive voice: promote the object to subject, keep the original tense with be + past participle, and add 'by' before the doer only when relevant.

Reported speech: present becomes past, past becomes past perfect, will becomes would, can becomes could, here becomes there, today becomes that day; universal truths keep the present tense.

Prepositions: 'since' marks a point of time and 'for' a duration; 'between' is used for two and 'among' for more than two; 'on' for days and dates, 'in' for months and years.

Idioms: 'to bite the bullet' = to endure a painful situation; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely; 'to let the cat out of the bag' = to reveal a secret.

One-word substitutions: altruist = one who works for others' welfare; philanthropist = lover of mankind; misogynist = hater of women; ephemeral = short-lived.

Confusables: affect (verb) vs effect (noun); principal (head or main) vs principle (rule); stationary (not moving) vs stationery (writing material); compliment (praise) vs complement (that which completes).

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; the Constituent Assembly was constituted under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946.

The United Nations was founded on 24 October 1945 with headquarters at New York; its Security Council has five permanent members holding veto power - USA, UK, France, Russia and China.

The Reserve Bank of India was established on 1 April 1935 under the RBI Act 1934, nationalised in 1949, and its central office is in Mumbai; monetary policy is set by a six-member Monetary Policy Committee.

ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 landed its Vikram lander near the Moon's south pole on 23 August 2023; the Aditya-L1 solar mission was launched on 2 September 2023.

India hosted the G20 Leaders' Summit at New Delhi on 9-10 September 2023 under the theme 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' (One Earth, One Family, One Future).

The 18th Lok Sabha general election was held in seven phases across April-June 2024, the largest electoral exercise in the world by number of voters.

National symbols: the National Anthem 'Jana Gana Mana' by Rabindranath Tagore was adopted on 24 January 1950; the National Song is 'Vande Mataram' by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Census 2011: population about 121 crore, literacy rate 74.04 per cent, sex ratio 943 females per 1000 males, and the most populous state was Uttar Pradesh.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' plus 'All B are C' gives 'All A are C'; but 'All A are B' plus 'Some B are C' gives no definite relation between A and C.

Blood relations: fix each person's gender and generation before answering; maternal uncle = mother's brother, paternal aunt = father's sister, and a cousin's parent is a sibling of one's parent.

Direction sense: facing north, a right turn leads east; every right or left turn is a 90-degree rotation, so four successive turns in one direction restore the original facing.

Clock: the angle between the hands is |30H − 5.5M| degrees; the hands coincide 11 times in 12 hours, roughly every 65 5/11 minutes.

Calendar odd days: ordinary year = 1 odd day, leap year = 2, 100 years = 5, 400 years = 0; the day of the week shifts by these counts.

Coding-decoding: first test a fixed shift (+1, +2, +3), then reversal, then letter-position substitution; A=1 to Z=26 and the reverse position of a letter is 27 minus its forward position.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares and cubes, then two interleaved alternate series before assuming an irregular pattern.

Ranking: total persons in a row = (rank from left + rank from right) − 1, when the same person is counted in both ranks.

Dice: on a standard die opposite faces sum to 7, so two faces adding to 7 can never be adjacent in any given view.

Percentage: a rise of x per cent followed by a fall of x per cent gives a net decrease of x²/100 per cent, never zero.

Profit and loss: SP = CP × (100 + P)/100; successive discounts of a per cent and b per cent give a net discount of a + b − ab/100 per cent.

Interest: SI = PRT/100 and CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P; for two years the gap CI − SI equals P(R/100)².

Speed conversion: multiply km/h by 5/18 to get m/s; a train crossing a pole takes length of train ÷ speed, but crossing a platform takes (train + platform) ÷ speed.

Boats and streams: downstream speed = u + v and upstream = u − v, so speed in still water = (downstream + upstream)/2 and stream speed = (downstream − upstream)/2.

Work: if A finishes in a days and B in b days, together they take ab/(a + b) days; if A is twice as efficient as B, A takes half of B's time.

Averages: when a value x is added to n items having average A, the new average is (nA + x)/(n + 1); in an evenly spaced series the average equals the middle term.

Alligation: two ingredients at prices c and d mixed to give mean price m are taken in the ratio (d − m) : (m − c), where c < m < d.

Mensuration: circle area πr² and circumference 2πr; sphere volume 4/3 πr³ and surface 4πr²; cylinder volume πr²h and curved surface 2πrh.

Adopted 26 November 1949 and enforced 26 January 1950; originally 395 Articles, 22 Parts and 8 Schedules, now 12 Schedules and over 440 Articles.

Article 14 guarantees equality before the law; Article 19 lists six freedoms including speech, assembly, association, movement, residence and profession; Article 21A makes education free for ages 6 to 14.

Article 22 safeguards arrested persons: grounds of arrest must be communicated, production before a magistrate within 24 hours, and the right to consult a lawyer.

Article 32 gives the Supreme Court power to issue five writs - habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo warranto; Article 226 gives the same power to High Courts, and is wider.

Article 368 governs amendment; the basic structure doctrine from Kesavananda Bharati (1973) holds that Parliament cannot destroy core features such as judicial review, free elections and federalism.

Article 356 allows President's Rule on failure of constitutional machinery in a state, requiring parliamentary approval within two months; Article 360 covers a financial emergency.

Fundamental Duties are in Article 51A, Part IVA: ten were added by the 42nd Amendment 1976 and the eleventh by the 86th Amendment 2002; they are non-justiciable.

Directive Principles of State Policy occupy Part IV, Articles 36-51, and are not enforceable in courts; Article 40 covers panchayats, Article 44 a uniform civil code and Article 48A the environment.

Article 370 was abrogated by Presidential Order on 5 August 2019; the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019 created the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir (with legislature) and Ladakh (without legislature) from 31 October 2019.

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam replaced the IPC 1860, CrPC 1973 and Indian Evidence Act 1872 with effect from 1 July 2024.

An FIR for a cognizable offence is recorded under Section 173 of the BNSS (earlier Section 154 CrPC); a Zero FIR may be lodged at any police station irrespective of where the offence occurred.

Arrest powers flow from Section 35 BNSS read with Article 22; the arrested person must be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours excluding journey time.

D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997) requires an arrest memo signed by a witness, intimation to family, medical examination every 48 hours and visible identification of the arresting officer.

Investigation must be completed within 60 days for offences punishable up to 10 years or 90 days for graver offences; otherwise the accused becomes entitled to default bail under Section 187(3) BNSS.

Mapping to BNS 2023: murder is Section 103(1) (IPC 302), culpable homicide Section 100 (IPC 299/304), rape Sections 63-64 (IPC 375/376), cheating Section 318 (IPC 420), theft Section 303 (IPC 378).

Sedition under IPC 124A was omitted; BNS Section 152 now punishes acts endangering the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

Key special statutes for policing: NDPS Act 1985, POCSO Act 2012, UAPA 1967, Arms Act 1959, Juvenile Justice Act 2015 and the IT Act 2000.

Jammu and Kashmir: the Public Safety Act 1978 permits preventive detention without trial for up to two years, and the J&K Police Act 1983 governs the organisation and duties of the force.

The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir came into existence on 31 October 2019 with 20 districts; the separate Union Territory of Ladakh has two districts, Leh and Kargil.

Rivers: the Jhelum rises at Verinag, the Chenab (Chandrabhaga) is the largest tributary of the Indus by volume, the Tawi flows past Jammu city, and the Indus itself flows through Ladakh.

Wular Lake in Bandipora district is India's largest freshwater lake and a Ramsar site; Dal and Nigeen lakes lie in Srinagar; Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri lie in Ladakh.

Passes: Banihal (Jawahar Tunnel) on the Jammu-Srinagar route, Zoji La on the Srinagar-Leh route, Khardung La near Leh, and the Pir Panjal pass served by the Mughal Road.

Dachigam National Park near Srinagar protects the Hangul or Kashmir stag; Hemis National Park in Ladakh is known for the snow leopard; Kishtwar National Park for the musk deer.

The Treaty of Amritsar in 1846, after the First Anglo-Sikh War, created the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under Maharaja Gulab Singh, founding Dogra rule that lasted until 1947.

On 26 October 1947 Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession to India, covering defence, foreign affairs and communications; Lord Mountbatten accepted it on 27 October 1947.

The All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference, founded in 1932 by Sheikh Abdullah, was renamed the National Conference in 1939 and became a secular, mass-based party.

Languages: the official languages of Jammu and Kashmir UT are Urdu, Kashmiri, Dogri, Hindi and English; Dogri and Kashmiri are in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.

Memory units: 8 bits = 1 byte, 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB, 1 TB = 1024 GB.

Keyboard shortcuts: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print, Ctrl+A select all, Alt+F4 close window.

Addressing: an IPv4 address is 32 bits written as four dotted decimals, while IPv6 is 128 bits in hexadecimal; DNS resolves domain names to IP addresses.

Common ports and protocols: HTTP 80, HTTPS 443, FTP 21, SMTP 25, and the URL format protocol://domain/path.

Computer generations: first vacuum tubes, second transistors, third integrated circuits, fourth microprocessors, fifth artificial intelligence and ULSI.

An operating system manages processes, memory, files and devices; examples are Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and Unix.

IT Act 2000 offences: Section 65 tampering with computer source documents, Section 66 computer-related offences, Section 66C identity theft, Section 66D cheating by personation, Section 67 publishing obscene material.

Spreadsheet basics: every formula begins with '='; A1 is a relative reference and $A$1 an absolute reference; SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MAX and MIN are standard functions.