JK Police SI key terms

A word that expresses the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a particular context, such as begin and start, so one can replace the other without changing sense.

A word whose meaning is directly opposite to another word, such as hot and cold or expand and contract, used to test vocabulary and understanding of context.

A fixed group of words whose meaning cannot be understood from the literal words alone, such as spill the beans meaning to reveal a secret.

A sentence pattern in which the subject performs the action, as in the police arrested the suspect, making the doer clear and the wording direct.

A group of words that contains a subject and a finite verb and may either stand alone as a sentence or form part of a larger sentence.

The annual statement of the central government's estimated receipts and expenditure for the coming financial year, presented to Parliament before the fiscal year begins.

Gross Domestic Product, the total monetary value of final goods and services produced within a country during a period, used to measure economic size and growth.

The rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against securities, a key tool for controlling inflation and liquidity.

The National Institution for Transforming India, a central government policy think tank that advises on development strategy and monitors key government programmes.

A logical reasoning problem in which conclusions must be judged from two or more given statements assumed true, often solved using Venn diagrams.

A reasoning topic in which family relationships are described through statements or symbols, and the candidate must identify how two or more people are related.

A reasoning exercise in which words, letters, or numbers are changed according to a rule, and the candidate must find the rule or apply it.

A puzzle requiring candidates to place people in rows or around tables using clues about relative positions, facing directions, and immediate neighbours.

A sequence of numbers arranged according to a hidden rule, where the candidate must find the missing term or identify the wrong term.

A fraction expressed as a part of one hundred, calculated by dividing the part by the whole and multiplying by one hundred.

A comparison of two quantities of the same kind by division, usually written as a colon pair, showing how many times one contains the other.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values, also called the arithmetic mean, used to describe a typical value.

The smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more given numbers, useful when events repeat at different intervals.

Interest calculated on the original principal plus interest already accumulated, so the amount grows each period faster than under simple interest.

Basic freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Indian Constitution and enforceable in courts, covering equality, speech, life, religion, and constitutional remedies.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution that direct the state toward social and economic welfare; they are not directly enforceable in courts.

The opening statement of the Indian Constitution that declares the source of authority and the ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

A formal written order issued by a court, especially the Supreme Court or a high court, directing a person or authority to act or refrain from acting.

A judicial principle that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in a way that destroys its essential features, such as supremacy, secularism, or judicial review.

First Information Report, a written record prepared by police when they receive information about a cognizable offence, marking the start of investigation.

An offence for which police may register a case and investigate without a magistrate's order and may arrest without a warrant in specified circumstances.

The release of an accused person from custody while trial or investigation continues, usually subject to conditions or a surety.

The duty of a party to prove a fact in court; in criminal cases it generally rests on the prosecution because the accused is presumed innocent.

A policing approach based on partnership between police and local residents, using dialogue, neighbourhood watch, and problem-solving to improve trust and safety.

A constitutional provision that gave Jammu and Kashmir special autonomy; it was effectively abrogated in August 2019 and the state was later reorganised.

A Hindu ruling house that governed Jammu and Kashmir from the mid-nineteenth century until 1947, founded after the Treaty of Amritsar.

A light wooden boat, often with a canopy, traditionally used on Dal Lake and other Kashmir waters for transport and tourism.

A large freshwater lake in the Kashmir Valley fed by the Jhelum River, important for fisheries, flood control, and local livelihoods.

A law passed in 2019 that split the former state into the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019.

System software that manages a computer's hardware, memory, files, and processes and provides services that application programs rely on.

Random Access Memory, a volatile primary memory that temporarily holds data and programs in use and loses its contents when power is switched off.

A hardware or software barrier that monitors and filters network traffic according to rules, helping block unauthorised access to a computer or network.

A fraudulent attempt, often through email or a fake website, to trick people into revealing passwords, bank details, or other sensitive information.