JK Police SI flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Affect vs Effect

Affect is a verb meaning to influence; effect is usually a noun meaning result. Example: the rain affected the match, and the effect was a draw.

Present Perfect Tense

Used for a past action whose result matters now, or with since and for. Formed with has/have plus the past participle, as in 'She has lived here since 2015'.

Active to Passive Voice

Move the object to the subject position, keep the original tense using be plus past participle, and place 'by' before the doer. 'He wrote the letter' becomes 'The letter was written by him'.

Altruist

A person who unselfishly works for the welfare of others, often at personal cost. It is the opposite of egoist, who is centred on self-interest.

Chandrayaan-3

India's lunar mission whose Vikram lander soft-landed near the Moon's south pole on 23 August 2023, making India the first country to reach that region.

Reserve Bank of India

India's central bank, established on 1 April 1935 under the RBI Act 1934 and nationalised in 1949. It issues currency, manages reserves and sets monetary policy.

NITI Aayog

The Government of India's policy think tank, formed on 1 January 2015 to replace the Planning Commission. The Prime Minister chairs it and it publishes the SDG India Index.

National Anthem

'Jana Gana Mana', composed by Rabindranath Tagore, adopted as India's National Anthem on 24 January 1950. Its full playing time is about 52 seconds.

Clock angle formula

The angle between the hour and minute hands equals |30H − 5.5M| degrees, where H is the hour and M the minutes. If the result exceeds 180, subtract it from 360.

Syllogism rule

If all A are B and all B are C, then all A are C follows. But if all A are B and only some B are C, no definite relation between A and C can be concluded.

Ranking formula

The total number of persons in a row equals the sum of a person's rank from the left and rank from the right, minus one, since that person is counted twice.

Odd days of years

An ordinary year has 1 odd day, a leap year 2, a century 5 and 400 years 0. Odd days are used to work out the day of the week for a given date.

Successive percentage change

Two successive changes of a per cent and b per cent produce a net change of a + b + ab/100 per cent. A rise followed by an equal fall of x per cent gives a net loss of x²/100 per cent.

Simple vs compound interest

Simple interest is PRT/100, while compound interest is P(1 + R/100)^T − P. For two years the difference between them equals P(R/100)².

Train crossing a pole

Time taken equals the length of the train divided by its speed. Convert km/h to metres per second by multiplying by 5/18 before dividing.

Alligation rule

When two ingredients priced c and d are mixed to give a mean price m, their quantities are in the ratio (d − m) : (m − c), where c < m < d.

Article 32

The right to constitutional remedies, allowing a person to move the Supreme Court directly to enforce fundamental rights through five writs. Ambedkar called it the heart and soul of the Constitution.

Basic structure doctrine

Laid down in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973): Parliament may amend the Constitution under Article 368 but cannot destroy its basic features such as judicial review and federalism.

Fundamental Duties

Set out in Article 51A, Part IVA. Ten duties were added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and the eleventh by the 86th Amendment in 2002; they are not enforceable in courts.

Article 356

President's Rule. It lets the President assume a state government's functions when constitutional machinery has failed, usually on the Governor's report, with Parliament's approval needed within two months.

Zero FIR

An FIR registered by any police station for a cognizable offence committed outside its jurisdiction, later transferred to the station having jurisdiction. It prevents delay in serious cases.

D.K. Basu guidelines

Supreme Court directions of 1997 on arrest: prepare an arrest memo signed by a witness, inform the family, medically examine the arrestee, and record the arresting officer's identity.

BNS Section 103

The provision of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 that punishes murder, replacing Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code. It allows death or life imprisonment and a fine.

Default bail

If the chargesheet is not filed within 60 days for offences punishable up to 10 years, or 90 days for graver offences, the accused in custody becomes entitled to bail on application.

Instrument of Accession 1947

Signed by Maharaja Hari Singh on 26 October 1947, acceding Jammu and Kashmir to India in defence, foreign affairs and communications. Lord Mountbatten accepted it on 27 October 1947.

J&K Reorganisation Act 2019

The law that split the former state into two Union Territories from 31 October 2019: Jammu and Kashmir with a legislature, and Ladakh without one.

Wular Lake

A large freshwater lake in Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir, fed by the Jhelum. It is India's largest freshwater lake and a designated Ramsar wetland site.

Dachigam National Park

A protected area near Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, best known as the habitat of the Hangul or Kashmir stag. It also shelters leopard, black bear and musk deer.

Memory units

Eight bits make one byte; 1 kilobyte is 1024 bytes, 1 megabyte 1024 kilobytes, 1 gigabyte 1024 megabytes, and 1 terabyte 1024 gigabytes.

IP address

A unique numeric label assigned to each device on a network. IPv4 uses 32 bits written as four dotted decimals, while IPv6 uses 128 bits in hexadecimal notation.

IT Act Section 66C

Punishes identity theft, meaning the fraudulent use of another person's electronic signature, password or unique identification feature, with imprisonment up to three years and a fine up to one lakh rupees.

DNS

The Domain Name System translates human-readable domain names such as example.com into numeric IP addresses, so that browsers and other clients can locate the correct server.