Maharashtra HSC Marathi (MSBSHSE) cheat sheet

Gadya mhanje gadya lekhan: katha, lalit nibandh, charitra, atmacharitra, nateem katha - he sarv gadya prakar Madhyamik Marathi abhyaskramat yetat.

Kathanak (plot) → prasang (incident) → charitra-chitran (characterisation) → vichar (thought) → sandesh (message): ya kramane gadya pathacha sar kadhava.

Charitra-vishleshanासाठी tin mudde: charitrachya kृती (actions), bolणe (dialogue), ani itarांni tyachyabaddal bolलेले (others' remarks).

Katha ani nibandh yethe vegळतात: kathेत kathanak ani patra astat; nibandhat lekhaकाचा vichar-pravah ani anubhav asto.

Atmacharitra (autobiography) madhe 'mi' (first person) asto; charitra (biography) madhe 'te' (third person) asto.

Vakya-rachanechya drishtine gadya pathात vachan-प्रकार: varnanatmak (descriptive), vicharatmak (reflective), samvadatmak (dialogic).

Lekhaकाची bhashashaili ओळखण्यासाठी shabda-vrutti (word choice), alankar, ani vakya-lambi (sentence length) पहा.

Sandarbh-sahit arth: pathातील vaakya jaseच्या tase na deता, tyाचा saral arth swatahchya shabdात lihava.

Nava ras: shringar, hasya, karuna, raudra, veer, bhayanak, bibhatsa, adbhut, shanta - 'shanta' navava rasa.

Rasa nirmanासाठी vibhav (karan), anubhav (pratikriya), ani vyabhichari bhav (sahayak bhav) ya tighanchi aavashyakata asti.

Alankar dvi prakar: shabd-alankar (anuprasa, yamak, shlesh) ani arth-alankar (upama, rupak, utpreksha, atishayokti).

Upama: 'saarkhi/saarakhा' shabdane don vastunchi tulana; rupak: aaropya kelele saman - 'saarkhi' shabd nasतो.

Anuprasa: ekach vyanjan अनेक velा yene; yamak: ekach shabd vेगव्या arthाने yene; shlesh: ek shabdane don arth nighane.

Chhand: pratyek charanatil akshar-sankhya ani guru-laghu kramanुसार chhand ओळखा (उदा. anushtubh, indravajra, shardulvikridit).

Guru = 2 matra, laghu = 1 matra; matra-melanane chhand ani vrutta ठरवता yeto.

Kavitecha sar kadhताना kavi, prasang, mुख्य vichar, ani kavitecha sandesh ya char goshti lihava.

Patra prakar: aupcharik ( औपचारिक) ani anौpcharik (वैयक्तिक); aupcharik patraat 'महोदय/महोदया' ani 'भवदीय/आपला' ya formal ata use hotat.

Aupcharik patraat kram: प्रेषकाचा patta → dinank → प्राप्तकर्ता → विषय → आदरार्थी sambodhan → मजकूर → समारोप → स्वाक्षरी.

Aakarshak jahirat (advertisement) madhe: akarshak shirshak, mukhya mudde bullet madhe, sampark krama, ani olakhani chinh (logo) yetat.

Suchana (notice) madhe 'कळविण्यात येते' he vaky आणि dinank, vel, sthala spashta astat.

Bhashantar (translation) karताना shabdashah na, arthashah karava; mool vakya-chya arthात badal na karता.

Sar (summary) lihitana mool lekha-chya 1/3 lambit lihava; swatahche vichar na ghalता.

Vakya-shuddhi: linga, vachan, purvani-samानata (subject-verb agreement) ani kaal-samानata tapatasa.

Karyalayi bhasha: 'कळविण्यात येते', 'विनंती', 'सूचना', 'अनुक्रमे' he shabd upyojit Marathi madhe vartat.

Sandhi prakar: swar-sandhi (ach-samor ach), vyanjan-sandhi (vyanjan-samor swar/vyanjan), ani visarga-sandhi.

Swar-sandhi: dirgha (अ+अ=आ), guna (अ+इ=ए), vriddhi (अ+ए=ऐ), yan (इ+अ=य).

Samas: dvandva (ani/va), dwigu (sankhya-purv), tatpurush (magil padache vachan), karmadharay (visheshan+visheshya), bahuvrihi (tisरे arth).

Dvandva samasात donhi padanchi सामायिकता asti; tatpurushात उत्तर-pad प्रधान asto.

Shabdasampada: samanarthi (ekach arthache anek shabd), virudharthi (viparit arth), anekarthi (ek shabd, anek arth), ani vakyaprachar.

Vakyarachana: uddeshya (subject) + vidheya (predicate); uddeshyatil visheshan-vishleshण जुळवून vakya पूर्ण karava.

Kriyapad (verb) cha kaal: vartaman, bhutkal, bhavishyakal - pratyay (तो/तात/ला/ले/ईल) ओळखून kaal ठरवा.

Vakyaprachar: mhani (proverb) cha arth shabdashah ghetla जात नाही; samajik sandarbhात arth lihava.

Nibandh rachana: prastavana → madhy (2-3 parichchhed) → samarop; eka parichchhedat ekach mukhya vichar.

Nibandhache prakar: varnanatmak, vicharatmak, kathanatmak, ani samajik-vishayak.

Patra-lekhan madhe dinank, sambodhan, मजकूर, समारोप, ani svakshari ya panch angांचा samavesh karava.

Ahaval (report) madhe ghatanecha vel, sthala, karan, parinam, ani sakshidar ya goshti yetat; 'mi' nahi, 'te' vaparava.

Sar-lekhan: mool lekha-chya 1/3 shabd, mool vichar jaseche tase, swatahche vichar nahi.

Vistar-lekhan (expansion) madhe mhani/vakya-cha arth vistarun sangava; dृष्टांत ani udaharan deun lambi karava.

Lekhanat sankhya, tarikh, ani vyakti-nave spashta lihava; eka parichchhedat ekach mudda theva.

Aakarshak shirshak, upashirshak, ani bullet-points yamुळे report ani jahirat vachanyास sopi hotat.

Apathit gadyacha kram: prathama sarva vachan → mukhya vichar → prashna → punha vachan.

Sandarbharth (contextual meaning) sathi shabdाच्या aasपासच्या vakyaातil arth पहा, shabdakoshache arth nahi.

Prashna-chya shabdanchi theva: 'kase', 'ka', 'kevha', 'kitी' ya shabdanुसार uttarache swarup ठarate.

Vakya-purti (fill in the blank) madhe vyakaran-jod (linga, vachan, kaal) ani arth-jod donhi tapatasa.

Samanarthi/virudharthi shabd apathit pathातunach gheta yetat; tyanchya jodi pathातil sandarbhातun ठarवा.

Mukhya vichar (main idea) he pathातil pratyek parichchhedatil पहिल्या-v शेवटच्या vakyaात adakhato.

Apathit pathातil tattve (facts) ani mat (opinion) vegळे karण्यासाठी 'असे म्हणता येईल' vs 'निश्चितपणे' ya shabdanकडे lक्ष द्या.

Uttar लिहिताना prashnaातil shabd punha na lihita, svatahche vakya vaparava.

Katha (short story): ek kendra-bindu, thोडी patra, ani shevatी asatो; kathanak ekach ghatneभोवती guntलेले asto.

Kadambari (novel): vistar, anek patra, upakathanak, ani samajik pटbhoomi asti.

Natak (drama): samvad, soochna (stage directions), ank, ani drushya; natakache vachan नाही, abhinay sathi lihileले asto.

Nibandh (essay): lekhaकाचा anubhav, vichar, ani shaili; kathanak nahi.

Kavita: chhand, alankar, rasa, ani bhav ya char goshtinchi chachu kara.

Ekankika: ekach ank, thोडा vel, ani ekach mukhya ghatna - natakापेक्षा chhoti.

Charitra-chitran: pratyaksha (direct) ani paroksha (indirect) - paroksha madhe itarांni tyachyabaddal bolलेले astे.

Sahityaprakaar ओळखण्यासाठी prashna: kathanak ek ki anek? patra thोडी ki anek? samvad ahe ka? he tapatasa.