Maharashtra HSC Marathi (MSBSHSE) flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Gadya (prose)

A literary form written in ordinary, non-metrical language, including short stories, essays, biographies and character sketches. In the HSC syllabus it is studied for theme, character and style rather than for metre or rasa.

Kathanak (plot)

The sequence of events in a story, moving from an opening situation through a turning point to a resolution. Identifying the plot helps separate the story's events from its message and from the writer's opinions.

Charitra-chitran

The portrayal of a character through actions, dialogue and what other characters say about them. Indirect portrayal works through others' remarks; direct portrayal states qualities openly.

Atmacharitra

An autobiography written in the first person, where the writer narrates their own life. It differs from a biography, which is written in the third person about someone else.

Lalit nibandh

A light, personal essay in which the writer shares reflections and experiences in an informal style. It has no plot or characters and is judged on thought and language rather than on events.

Nava ras

The nine rasas of Indian poetics: shringar, hasya, karuna, raudra, veer, bhayanak, bibhatsa, adbhut and shanta. Shanta, meaning peace or calm, is counted as the ninth rasa.

Vibhav, anubhav, vyabhichari

The three components that produce rasa: vibhav is the cause or stimulus, anubhav the visible reaction, and vyabhichari bhav the accompanying transient emotions that deepen the dominant feeling.

Upama alankar

A comparison between two different things using words such as 'saarkha', 'prmane' or 'iva'. The similarity is stated explicitly, which distinguishes it from rupak, where no word of comparison appears.

Rupak alankar

A metaphor in which one thing is described as another without any word of comparison. The identification is complete, so 'mukha chandra aahe' is rupak, not upama.

Anuprasa

A sound figure in which the same consonant is repeated several times in close succession, producing a musical effect. It is a shabd-alankar, that is, a figure depending on sound.

Guru and laghu

Units of poetic metre: a guru syllable carries two matras and a laghu syllable carries one. Counting the matras of each charan identifies the chhand of a verse.

Yamak and shlesh

Yamak repeats the same word with different meanings; shlesh uses a single word or phrase that carries two meanings at once. Both are figures based on sound and double sense.

Aupcharik patra

A formal letter using respectful address such as 'Mahodaya' and a formal closing. Its order is sender's address, date, recipient, subject, salutation, body, closing and signature.

Suchana (notice)

A short official announcement giving date, time, place and purpose of an event. It uses impersonal phrasing such as 'kalvinyat yete' and omits personal remarks.

Bhashantar

Translation that conveys the meaning of the source text rather than word-for-word substitution. The sense, tone and factual content of the original are preserved without addition.

Sar-lekhan

A summary condensing a text to about one third of its length while keeping its central ideas. It is written in one's own words and excludes personal opinion.

Swar-sandhi

Joining of two vowels at a word boundary. Its main types are dirgha (a+a=aa), guna (a+i=e), vriddhi (a+e=ai) and yan, where a vowel becomes a semi-vowel such as y.

Dvandva samas

A compound in which both members are equally important and the sense of 'and' or 'or' is implied. Neither member is subordinate, unlike tatpurush, where the second member dominates.

Bahuvrihi samas

A compound whose meaning refers to a third entity, not to either member. For example, a compound meaning 'one with a broad chest' names a person rather than the chest itself.

Tatpurush samas

A compound in which the first member qualifies or limits the second, and the second member governs the meaning. The compound's gender and number follow the final member.

Samanarthi shabd

Words that share a similar meaning, such as synonyms for 'beautiful' or 'large'. They are tested in shabdasampada questions and must be chosen to fit the sentence's context.

Vakyaprachar

An idiomatic expression whose meaning cannot be derived from its individual words. Proverbs and idioms are understood through their accepted social sense, not by literal translation.

Nibandh rachana

Essay structure of introduction, body and conclusion, with one main idea per paragraph. Types include descriptive, reflective, narrative and social-issue essays, each judged on coherence and language.

Ahaval (report)

A factual account of an event covering date, place, cause, outcome and witnesses. It is written in the third person and avoids the writer's personal opinions.

Vistar-lekhan

Expansion of a given proverb or sentence into a full paragraph by explaining its meaning and adding examples. The original sentence's sense is kept intact and not contradicted.

Aakarshak jahirat

An advertisement designed to attract attention, using a headline, bullet points of key features, contact details and a logo. Its language is brief and persuasive.

Sandarbharth

The meaning a word carries in a particular passage, which may differ from its dictionary sense. It is decided by the surrounding words and the sentence's overall sense.

Mukhya vichar

The central idea of a passage, usually stated or implied in its first or last sentence. Distractors often repeat details rather than the main point.

Tattva ani mat

A fact is a verifiable statement; an opinion is a judgement or belief. Comprehension questions often ask the reader to separate the two within an unseen passage.

Katha (short story)

A brief narrative built around a single central incident, with few characters and a compact ending. It differs from a novel, which has a wider setting and several subplots.

Kadambari (novel)

A long narrative with many characters, subplots and a developed social setting. Its breadth distinguishes it from the short story, which focuses on one incident.

Natak (drama)

A literary form written for performance, using dialogue, stage directions, acts and scenes. It is meant to be enacted rather than read silently.

Ekankika

A one-act play with a single act, few characters and a short span of time, centred on one incident. It is shorter and simpler than a full-length drama.