MAHA TET Paper 2 cheat sheet

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0–2, object permanence), preoperational (2–7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7–11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent performance and assisted performance; scaffolding and private/inner speech support self-regulation; learning precedes development.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's school-age psychosocial task is industry vs inferiority; adolescence is identity vs role identity confusion; each stage's crisis is resolved by social interaction, not instruction alone.

Krathwohl affective taxonomy order: receiving, responding, valuing, organization, characterization; Bloom's cognitive order: remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create.

Constructivism (Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner): knowledge is actively built from prior schemas; discovery and hands-on activity are preferred over rote transmission; errors are diagnostic, not failures.

Inclusive education rules: use multi-sensory input, preferential seating, extra time, and individualized education plans (IEP); RTE Act 2009 mandates free and compulsory education for ages 6–14 with no detention or expulsion.

Assessment decision rule: formative assessment is for learning (feedback during instruction); summative assessment is of learning (grading at the end); CCE replaces marks with descriptive indicators.

Individual differences: intelligence is multi-dimensional (Gardner's multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic theory); gifted children need enrichment, slow learners need repetition and small steps, and learning disability is not the same as intellectual disability.

Marathi grammar: 8 parts of speech (नाम, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रियापद, क्रियाविशेषण, शब्दयोगी अव्यय, उभयान्वयी अव्यय, केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय); Marathi has 3 genders (पुल्लिंग, स्त्रीलिंग, नपुंसकलिंग) and 3 persons.

Marathi sandhi types: स्वरसंधी (accented vowel merger), व्यंजनसंधी, विसर्गसंधी; samas types include द्वंद्व, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, बहुव्रीही, अव्ययीभाव.

Hindi noun gender is grammatical, not natural; most -ा ending nouns are masculine and -ी ending nouns feminine, but exceptions (e.g., पानी, आँख) must be memorized; postpositions follow the noun and govern oblique case.

Hindi verb forms: क्रिया के काल (वर्तमान, भूत, भविष्य) and पक्ष (पूर्ण, अपूर्ण); मूल क्रिया + auxiliaries form compound tenses; ने marks ergative perfective transitive constructions.

Urdu grammar: nouns have two genders (مذکر/مؤنث) and two numbers; izafat compounds link nouns with -e-; verbs agree with gender and number; script is right-to-left Nastaliq.

Gujarati: three genders, three cases (direct, oblique, vocative); verb agrees with subject in person, number, and gender; postpositions require the oblique form of the noun.

Language acquisition vs learning (Krashen): acquisition is unconscious and meaning-focused; learning is conscious rule study; the affective filter and comprehensible input (i+1) govern success.

LSRW sequence: listening precedes speaking, reading precedes writing; bottom-up decoding and top-down prediction are both needed; skimming is for gist, scanning for specific detail, intensive reading for close analysis.

English tenses: 12 combinations of 3 times (past, present, future) × 4 aspects (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous); the present perfect links past action to present relevance and never takes a definite past time marker.

Articles: 'a/an' for non-specific singular count nouns (an before vowel sounds, a before consonant sounds); 'the' for specific, unique, or previously mentioned nouns; zero article for generic plurals and abstract nouns.

Voice: active to passive moves the object to subject position and uses be + past participle; only transitive verbs passivize; intransitive verbs cannot.

Reported speech backshift: present → past, past → past perfect, will → would, can → could; time and place words shift (now → then, here → there, tomorrow → the next day).

Conditionals: zero (present + present, general truth), first (present + will, real future), second (past + would, unreal present), third (past perfect + would have, unreal past).

Phonetics: English has 44 phonemes (24 consonants, 12 pure vowels, 8 diphthongs); voiced/voiceless pairs (p/b, t/d, k/g, f/v, s/z) differ only in voicing; stress placement changes meaning (record noun vs record verb).

Vocabulary skills: synonym (same meaning), antonym (opposite), homophone (same sound, different spelling/meaning), homograph (same spelling, different meaning), prefix and suffix change meaning/word class.

Punctuation rules: comma for listing and non-defining clauses, semicolon between independent clauses, colon before a list or explanation, apostrophe for possession and contraction.

Number theory: HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers; divisibility tests for 3 (digit sum), 4 (last two digits), 8 (last three digits), 9 (digit sum), 11 (alternating digit sum).

Algebraic identities: (a+b)² = a²+2ab+b²; (a−b)² = a²−2ab+b²; a²−b² = (a+b)(a−b); (a+b)³ = a³+3a²b+3ab²+b³; a³+b³ = (a+b)(a²−ab+b²).

Quadratic equation ax²+bx+c=0: roots = (−b ± √(b²−4ac))/2a; discriminant D = b²−4ac; D>0 two real roots, D=0 equal roots, D<0 no real roots; sum = −b/a, product = c/a.

Mensuration: area of circle πr², circumference 2πr; volume of cylinder πr²h, cone (1/3)πr²h, sphere (4/3)πr³; surface area of sphere 4πr², curved surface of cone πrl.

Trigonometry ratios: sin = opposite/hypotenuse, cos = adjacent/hypotenuse, tan = opposite/adjacent; sin²θ + cos²θ = 1; 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ; standard values at 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°.

Physics: Newton's three laws (inertia, F = ma, action–reaction); work = force × displacement; power = work/time; kinetic energy ½mv²; potential energy mgh; Ohm's law V = IR.

Chemistry: atomic number = protons, mass number = protons + neutrons; mole = 6.022×10²³ particles; pH below 7 acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue.

Biology: mitosis produces two identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four haploid gametes; photosynthesis 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in chloroplasts; respiration occurs in mitochondria.

Pedagogical rule: use concrete-to-abstract progression, multiple representations (numerical, graphical, symbolic), and laboratory/inquiry methods for science rather than lecture-only teaching.

Ancient India: Indus Valley Civilization (Harappa, Mohenjo-daro) had planned drainage, grid streets, and undeciphered script; Vedic period produced the four Vedas and the varna system.

Mauryan Empire: Chandragupta Maurya founded it, Chanakya wrote Arthashastra, Ashoka adopted Buddhism after Kalinga war and spread Dhamma through rock and pillar edicts.

Medieval India: Delhi Sultanate (five dynasties: Slave, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodi); Mughal Empire founded 1526 by Babur at First Battle of Panipat; Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi and Mansabdari system.

Freedom movement milestones: 1857 revolt, 1885 INC founded, 1905 Partition of Bengal, 1919 Jallianwala Bagh and Rowlatt Act, 1930 Dandi March, 1942 Quit India, 1947 Independence and Partition.

Indian Constitution: adopted 26 November 1949, enforced 26 January 1950; Fundamental Rights (Part III) and Directive Principles (Part IV); 42nd Amendment added socialist, secular, and integrity to the Preamble.

Geography: Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states; monsoon is caused by differential heating and the ITCZ shift; soil types include alluvial, black (regur), red, laterite, and desert.

Economics: GDP vs GNP (GNP includes net factor income from abroad); inflation reduces purchasing power; primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors; Green Revolution introduced HYV seeds and irrigation.

Civics: three tiers of government (Union, State, Local); 73rd and 74th Amendments gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies; secularism means state neutrality toward religions.

Pedagogy: use timelines, maps, primary sources, and case studies; inquiry and discussion build historical thinking (chronology, cause–effect, source evaluation) rather than memorization of dates.