MAHA TET Paper 2 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Piaget's concrete operational stage

Ages 7 to 11, when children master conservation, classification, and seriation but still reason about concrete objects rather than abstract hypotheses.

Zone of Proximal Development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more capable peer or teacher.

Kohlberg's preconventional level

Moral reasoning driven by punishment avoidance and self-interest; the child obeys rules to avoid consequences or to gain rewards, not from internalized principles.

Learning disability vs intellectual disability

A learning disability affects specific academic skills despite average or above intelligence; intellectual disability is a general limitation in cognitive functioning and adaptive behaviour.

Formative assessment

Assessment conducted during instruction to provide feedback and adjust teaching; it is assessment for learning and is usually not graded.

Gardner's multiple intelligences

A theory proposing several relatively independent intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

Marathi noun genders

Marathi nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter; gender is grammatical and often not predictable from meaning, so it must be learned with each noun.

Marathi samas types

Compound words in Marathi classified as dvandva, tatpurusha, karmadharaya, dvigu, bahuvrihi, and avyayibhava, each with distinct semantic and structural rules.

Hindi postpositions

Words placed after a noun or pronoun to show case relations; they require the oblique form of the preceding noun, as in ghar mein or ladke ko.

Urdu izafat

A Persian-derived construction joining two nouns with the short vowel -e-, as in shahr-e-Mumbai; it indicates possession or description and is common in formal Urdu.

Skimming versus scanning

Skimming is rapid reading for the general idea or gist; scanning is rapid reading to locate a specific fact such as a date or name.

Krashen's affective filter

A hypothesis stating that anxiety, low motivation, and low self-confidence raise an emotional barrier that blocks language acquisition even when input is available.

Present perfect tense

An English tense formed with have/has plus the past participle; it links a past action to present relevance and cannot take a definite past time marker.

Active to passive voice

Transformation in which the object becomes the subject and the verb becomes be plus past participle; only transitive verbs can be passivized.

Reported speech backshift

In indirect speech, present tense shifts to past, past to past perfect, and will to would, with time and place words adjusted accordingly.

Second conditional

A sentence pattern using past simple in the if-clause and would plus base verb in the main clause, expressing an unreal or unlikely present situation.

Homophone versus homograph

Homophones sound alike but differ in spelling or meaning, such as to and two; homographs share spelling but differ in meaning or pronunciation, such as bow.

English phoneme count

Standard British English has 44 phonemes: 24 consonants, 12 pure vowels, and 8 diphthongs; voiced and voiceless pairs differ only in vocal cord vibration.

HCF and LCM relation

For two positive integers, the product of the numbers equals the product of their highest common factor and lowest common multiple.

Quadratic discriminant

For ax² + bx + c = 0, the discriminant D = b² − 4ac; D positive gives two real roots, zero gives equal roots, negative gives no real roots.

Sum and product of roots

For a quadratic ax² + bx + c = 0, the sum of roots equals −b/a and the product of roots equals c/a.

Volume of a cone

One third of the base area times height, that is (1/3)πr²h; the factor one third distinguishes it from the cylinder formula.

Trigonometric identity sin²θ + cos²θ

For any angle θ, the square of sine plus the square of cosine equals one; dividing it by cos²θ gives 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ.

Newton's second law

The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the net force and inversely proportional to its mass, expressed as F = ma.

Mole concept

One mole contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles; the molar mass in grams equals the atomic or molecular mass in atomic mass units.

Mitosis versus meiosis

Mitosis yields two genetically identical diploid cells for growth; meiosis yields four haploid gametes with genetic recombination for reproduction.

Ashoka's Dhamma

A policy of moral conduct, tolerance, and welfare propagated through rock and pillar edicts after the Kalinga war, rather than through conquest.

Mughal Empire founding

Babur founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 by defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat, establishing a dynasty that ruled much of India.

Dandi March

Gandhi's 1930 march to the sea to make salt in defiance of the British salt law, launching the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Fundamental Rights and DPSP

Fundamental Rights in Part III are justiciable and enforceable in courts; Directive Principles in Part IV are non-justiciable guidelines for state policy.

GDP versus GNP

GDP measures output produced within a country's borders; GNP adds net factor income from abroad to GDP, reflecting income of a country's residents.

73rd and 74th Amendments

These amendments gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies respectively, mandating regular elections and reservation of seats.