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MAHA TET Paper 2 study materials
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MAHA TET Paper 2 practice questions

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Question 1Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which characteristic best describes the thinking of a child in the pre-operational stage?

  1. The child reasons logically about abstract and hypothetical situations.
  2. The child uses symbolic play but is dominated by egocentric thought. Correct answer.
  3. The child coordinates senses and motor actions through reflex schemes.
  4. The child can conserve quantity and understand class inclusion.

Explanation

The pre-operational stage (roughly 2 to 7 years) is marked by the emergence of symbolic representation such as pretend play and language, but reasoning remains egocentric and centred on one perceptual feature. Conservation and class inclusion are still beyond the child until the concrete operational stage.

Question 2Child Development and Pedagogy

Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development is best described as the gap between what a learner can do independently and what the learner can do

  1. through trial and error without feedback
  2. only after formal reading instruction
  3. after a period of physical maturation
  4. with adult guidance or peer collaboration Correct answer.

Explanation

The zone of proximal development refers to tasks a learner cannot yet manage alone but can accomplish with scaffolding from a more knowledgeable adult or peer. Instruction is considered effective when it targets this zone rather than only already-mastered skills.

Question 3Child Development and Pedagogy

Kohlberg's stage of 'good boy-good girl' orientation, in which a child seeks approval by being nice and winning praise, belongs to which level of moral reasoning?

  1. Post-conventional level
  2. Conventional level Correct answer.
  3. Formal operational level
  4. Pre-conventional level

Explanation

Kohlberg placed interpersonal concordance or 'good boy-good girl' orientation at stage three, within the conventional level of moral reasoning. At this level the child judges right and wrong by social approval and maintaining expected roles.

Question 4Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher notices that a student who was once enthusiastic about mathematics now avoids the subject after repeated public criticism. Which concept best explains the student's changed motivation?

  1. Development of conservation of number
  2. Classical conditioning of a reflex
  3. Learned helplessness from repeated negative experience Correct answer.
  4. Maturation of the prefrontal cortex

Explanation

Repeated negative experiences that the learner cannot control can produce learned helplessness, where the student stops trying because effort seems futile. The avoidance of mathematics is a motivational consequence of perceived lack of control, not a reflex or maturational change.

Question 5Child Development and Pedagogy

Which of the following is the clearest example of a child demonstrating intrinsic motivation?

  1. Practising spelling to win a class competition prize
  2. Solving puzzles after school simply because they are enjoyable Correct answer.
  3. Completing homework to avoid a teacher's punishment
  4. Reading extra books because a parent promised a toy

Explanation

Intrinsic motivation arises from interest, enjoyment, or satisfaction inherent in the activity itself, as when a child solves puzzles for the pleasure of it. External rewards and punishments are hallmarks of extrinsic motivation.

Question 6Child Development and Pedagogy

In Piaget's terminology, the process by which a child incorporates a new experience into an existing cognitive scheme without changing that scheme is called

  1. assimilation Correct answer.
  2. equilibration
  3. decentration
  4. accommodation

Explanation

Assimilation occurs when new information is fitted into an existing mental structure without altering it. Accommodation, by contrast, requires modifying the scheme to fit the new experience.

Question 7Child Development and Pedagogy

Erikson's psychosocial theory suggests that the primary developmental task of adolescence is to resolve which crisis?

  1. Intimacy versus isolation
  2. Identity versus role confusion Correct answer.
  3. Industry versus inferiority
  4. Trust versus mistrust

Explanation

Erikson identified identity versus role confusion as the central crisis of adolescence, when young people explore values, roles, and commitments to form a coherent sense of self. Successful resolution supports later intimacy.

Question 8Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants to use scaffolding effectively. Which action best reflects Vygotskian scaffolding?

  1. Providing hints and gradually withdrawing support as competence grows Correct answer.
  2. Keeping the level of assistance constant throughout the task
  3. Testing the learner only on material already mastered independently
  4. Assigning tasks far above the learner's current reach without help

Explanation

Scaffolding means giving temporary, calibrated support such as prompts, models, and hints, then fading that support as the learner takes over the task. The aim is to keep the learner working within the zone of proximal development.

Question 9Child Development and Pedagogy

Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between development and learning as proposed by Vygotsky?

  1. Learning is independent of social interaction and culture.
  2. Learning is entirely determined by biological maturation and cannot precede it.
  3. Learning can lead development when it is pitched at the zone of proximal development. Correct answer.
  4. Development and learning are identical processes with no distinction.

Explanation

Vygotsky argued that instruction can pull development forward when it targets the zone of proximal development, rather than waiting for maturation. Learning is thus a driver of development within a social and cultural context.

Question 10Child Development and Pedagogy

A child who can classify objects by one feature but struggles to reclassify the same objects by another feature is most likely at which Piagetian stage?

  1. Formal operational stage
  2. Concrete operational stage
  3. Pre-operational stage Correct answer.
  4. Sensorimotor stage

Explanation

The pre-operational child shows centration and a lack of flexible classification, often sorting by only one perceptual attribute at a time. The concrete operational child, by contrast, can classify and reclassify using multiple criteria.

Question 11Child Development and Pedagogy

In the context of inclusive education, the term 'differentiation' refers to

  1. adapting content, process, and product to learners' varied readiness and needs Correct answer.
  2. teaching all students identical material at an identical pace
  3. segregating slow learners into a separate classroom
  4. reducing the curriculum for students with disabilities only

Explanation

Differentiation means proactively adjusting what is taught, how it is taught, and how learning is demonstrated so that diverse learners can access the same essential goals. It is a feature of inclusive pedagogy, not a form of segregation.

Question 12Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, a student who shows strong sensitivity to pitch, rhythm, and tone is high in which intelligence?

  1. Logical-mathematical intelligence
  2. Musical intelligence Correct answer.
  3. Spatial intelligence
  4. Interpersonal intelligence

Explanation

Gardner's musical intelligence involves sensitivity to rhythm, pitch, melody, and tone. It is one of the relatively independent intelligences he proposed, distinct from spatial or logical-mathematical ability.

Question 13Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher gives a short quiz after each lesson and uses the results to decide whether to reteach a concept before moving on. This use of assessment is best described as

  1. norm-referenced assessment
  2. formative assessment Correct answer.
  3. summative assessment
  4. diagnostic assessment

Explanation

Formative assessment occurs during instruction and is used to adjust teaching in response to evidence of learning. Summative assessment, by contrast, evaluates learning at the end of a unit or course.

Question 14Child Development and Pedagogy

Which of the following best illustrates the Piagetian process of accommodation?

  1. A toddler calls every four-legged animal 'dog'.
  2. A child who thought all birds fly revises the bird concept after learning about penguins. Correct answer.
  3. A student repeats a memorised definition exactly as taught.
  4. A child adds new facts to an existing mental category without changing it.

Explanation

Accommodation requires modifying an existing scheme when new information does not fit it, as when a child changes the concept of bird after encountering a non-flying bird. Assimilation, in contrast, would leave the scheme unchanged.

Question 15Child Development and Pedagogy

Chomsky's notion of a language acquisition device is used to argue that

  1. children learn language mainly through imitation and reinforcement
  2. children are born with an innate capacity to acquire grammar Correct answer.
  3. vocabulary is acquired only through explicit classroom teaching
  4. language is learned entirely through social interaction

Explanation

Chomsky proposed an innate language faculty that enables children to acquire grammar rapidly from limited input. This nativist position contrasts with behaviourist accounts based on imitation and reinforcement.

Question 16Child Development and Pedagogy

A child says 'I goed to the market' instead of 'I went to the market'. This error most likely indicates that the child

  1. has a language disorder requiring remediation
  2. is imitating adult speech incorrectly
  3. has not yet developed any grammatical rules
  4. is overgeneralising a grammatical rule to an irregular form Correct answer.

Explanation

Overgeneralisation, such as applying the regular past-tense '-ed' to an irregular verb, shows that the child has internalised a rule and is applying it too broadly. Such errors are a normal sign of rule learning, not a disorder.

Question 17Child Development and Pedagogy

In the context of child development, the term 'critical period' refers to

  1. the period just before an examination when revision is most intense
  2. a stage when a particular ability is most easily acquired if the right experience occurs Correct answer.
  3. a phase in which a child refuses all adult instruction
  4. the age at which formal schooling must begin by law

Explanation

A critical period is a limited window during which specific experiences are needed for a capacity to develop normally, such as early language exposure. Outside that window, acquisition becomes far more difficult.

Question 18Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher observes that a student performs well on a group project but poorly when tested alone. Which factor is most relevant to interpreting this difference?

  1. The student's stage of physical growth
  2. The student's fixed level of intelligence
  3. The student's ability to conserve mass
  4. The social context of performance and the student's collaborative skills Correct answer.

Explanation

Performance varies with context, and a student may demonstrate competence in collaborative settings that draw on social and communicative strengths. Interpreting the discrepancy requires attention to context rather than assuming a fixed ability level.

Question 19Child Development and Pedagogy

Which of the following best exemplifies a child-centred approach in the primary classroom?

  1. The teacher lectures continuously while students copy notes.
  2. Students follow a fixed script with no choices.
  3. Assessment is limited to a single end-of-year examination.
  4. The teacher plans activities around children's interests and active exploration. Correct answer.

Explanation

A child-centred approach organises learning around learners' interests, needs, and active participation, with the teacher as facilitator. It contrasts with transmission models in which students passively receive information.

Question 20Child Development and Pedagogy

A student consistently attributes failure in mathematics to lack of ability rather than to effort or strategy. According to attribution theory, this pattern is likely to

  1. have no effect on future effort
  2. improve the student's self-efficacy
  3. reduce effort and persistence after failure Correct answer.
  4. increase persistence after failure

Explanation

Attributing failure to stable, internal causes such as lack of ability undermines persistence, because the learner expects failure to recur regardless of effort. Attributions to effort or strategy, which are controllable, tend to sustain motivation.

Question 21Child Development and Pedagogy

Which statement best captures the concept of 'readiness' in child development and pedagogy?

  1. Readiness is a fixed trait that cannot be influenced by experience.
  2. Readiness depends only on chronological age.
  3. Readiness means the child has already mastered the entire curriculum.
  4. Readiness involves the interaction of maturation and appropriate experience for a given learning task. Correct answer.

Explanation

Readiness is not a fixed trait but results from the interplay between maturational level and the experiences provided, so teachers can support it through appropriate stimulation. Both biological and environmental factors matter.

Question 22Child Development and Pedagogy

In Bandura's social learning theory, learning by observing a model and later reproducing the behaviour is called

  1. classical conditioning
  2. operant conditioning
  3. sensitisation
  4. observational learning Correct answer.

Explanation

Observational learning occurs when a learner acquires behaviour by watching a model, with attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation as key processes. It does not require the learner to be directly reinforced.

Question 23Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants to reduce a student's habit of calling out answers without raising a hand. Which strategy is most consistent with positive behaviour support?

  1. Removing all opportunities for the student to speak in class
  2. Publicly scolding the student whenever the behaviour occurs
  3. Ignoring the student for the rest of the term
  4. Reinforcing hand-raising while teaching and prompting the expected behaviour Correct answer.

Explanation

Positive behaviour support emphasises teaching and reinforcing the desired alternative behaviour rather than relying on punishment. Reinforcing hand-raising while prompting it gives the student a clear, achievable replacement behaviour.

Question 24Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Piaget, a child who understands that a given amount of water remains the same when poured from a wide glass into a tall narrow glass has acquired

  1. animism
  2. conservation Correct answer.
  3. egocentrism
  4. centration

Explanation

Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains unchanged despite changes in appearance or arrangement. It marks the transition from pre-operational centration to concrete operational reasoning.

Question 25Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher finds that a student from a disadvantaged background shows strong practical problem-solving outside school but scores poorly on written tests. Which interpretation is most defensible?

  1. The student's background guarantees low academic potential.
  2. The test format may fail to capture competencies developed in the student's everyday context. Correct answer.
  3. The student lacks intelligence in all domains.
  4. Practical skills are irrelevant to cognitive development.

Explanation

Assessment formats can underestimate competence when they demand skills or conventions that differ from those practised in the learner's everyday setting. Recognising context-dependent competence avoids deficit assumptions and points to more valid assessment methods.

Question 26Child Development and Pedagogy

Kohlberg's theory of moral development describes a child who follows classroom rules to avoid punishment as being at which level of moral reasoning?

  1. Conventional
  2. Postconventional
  3. Universal ethical
  4. Preconventional Correct answer.

Explanation

Kohlberg's preconventional level covers moral reasoning driven by avoiding punishment and gaining rewards, which matches a child obeying rules purely to escape a penalty. Conventional reasoning is based on social approval and law, and postconventional reasoning appeals to abstract principles.

Question 27Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher notices a nine-year-old can now mentally reverse an operation, such as undoing an addition to recover the original number. This ability is characteristic of which Piagetian stage?

  1. Concrete operational Correct answer.
  2. Formal operational
  3. Preoperational
  4. Sensorimotor

Explanation

Reversibility is a hallmark of the concrete operational stage, where children can mentally undo actions on concrete objects. The preoperational stage lacks reversibility, and formal operations concerns abstract hypothetical reasoning rather than simple reversibility.

Question 28Child Development and Pedagogy

A pupil who is repeatedly told by a teacher that she is 'hopeless at science' begins to avoid science tasks. This most directly reflects which concept?

  1. Conservation of ability
  2. Moral realism
  3. Zone of proximal development
  4. Self-efficacy expectations Correct answer.

Explanation

Bandura's self-efficacy refers to a person's belief about their capacity to succeed at a task, and discouraging feedback can lower that belief and produce avoidance. The zone of proximal development concerns the gap between independent and assisted performance, not belief about one's own competence.

Question 29Child Development and Pedagogy

Which statement best describes the concept of 'inclusive education' as used in Indian schools?

  1. Placing children with disabilities in separate special schools
  2. Admitting only children who meet a fixed ability criterion
  3. Teaching all children in the same classroom with suitable adaptations Correct answer.
  4. Providing extra coaching only to academically weak students

Explanation

Inclusive education means that children with diverse needs learn together in regular classrooms, with the curriculum and environment adapted to them. Segregation into special schools or selective admission contradicts the principle of inclusion.

Question 30Child Development and Pedagogy

A child who has just begun to use words like 'more' and 'mine' but cannot yet share toys or take turns is developing mainly in which domain?

  1. Moral reasoning domain only
  2. Physical and motor domains
  3. Language and socio-emotional domains Correct answer.
  4. Cognitive domain only

Explanation

Using words such as 'more' and 'mine' reflects language growth, while difficulty sharing and taking turns reflects socio-emotional development. These two domains are developing together in early childhood, and no single isolated domain explains the behaviour.

Question 31Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Piaget, which factor most directly drives cognitive development from one stage to the next?

  1. Imitation of adult behaviour
  2. Maturation of reflexes alone
  3. Equilibration through assimilation and accommodation Correct answer.
  4. Reinforcement of correct responses

Explanation

Piaget held that cognitive growth is driven by equilibration, in which assimilation and accommodation together restore balance when schemes conflict with experience. Maturation alone, reinforcement, and imitation are not the central mechanism in his stage theory.

Question 32Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher plans a lesson so that learners first attempt a task alone, then work with a more capable peer, then attempt a similar task independently. This sequence is most consistent with which idea?

  1. Kohlberg's conventional morality
  2. Piaget's sensorimotor stage
  3. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development Correct answer.
  4. Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage

Explanation

The zone of proximal development is the range of tasks a learner can complete with guidance but not alone, and moving from assisted to independent performance is its practical application. The other options concern psychosocial, moral, or early sensory development, not assisted learning.

Question 33Child Development and Pedagogy

A child can solve a conservation task when the water is poured in front of her but fails when it is poured behind a screen. This result most likely indicates that she

  1. has reached formal operational thought
  2. is unable to count
  3. has fully achieved conservation of liquid
  4. is relying on perceptual cues rather than logical reasoning Correct answer.

Explanation

When the transformation is hidden, the child can no longer rely on visual appearance and fails, suggesting she is still influenced by perceptual cues rather than true logical reversibility. Full conservation would be maintained regardless of whether the pouring is visible.

Question 34Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants to help a student with a specific learning disability in reading. Which approach is most appropriate?

  1. Use systematic phonics instruction with repeated practice and progress monitoring Correct answer.
  2. Remove the student from all group activities
  3. Increase the number of written tests without changing the method
  4. Wait for the student to outgrow the difficulty

Explanation

Structured, explicit phonics instruction with repeated practice and ongoing progress monitoring is a well-supported approach for reading difficulties. Simply adding tests or excluding the student does not address the underlying skill deficit.

Question 35Child Development and Pedagogy

Which classroom practice best supports the development of intrinsic motivation?

  1. Comparing each student's marks publicly with the class topper
  2. Offering tasks that are moderately challenging and giving informative feedback Correct answer.
  3. Threatening loss of marks for incomplete work
  4. Awarding a prize for every completed worksheet

Explanation

Intrinsic motivation grows when tasks are challenging but achievable and feedback informs the learner about progress rather than controlling them. Tangible rewards for routine work and public comparison tend to shift attention to external outcomes.

Question 36Child Development and Pedagogy

A student says, 'I failed the test because I did not use the right strategy.' According to attribution theory, this attribution is

  1. internal, stable, and uncontrollable
  2. external, stable, and uncontrollable
  3. external, unstable, and controllable
  4. internal, unstable, and controllable Correct answer.

Explanation

Effort and strategy are internal to the learner, can change from one occasion to another, and are under the learner's control. This attribution pattern supports persistence because it suggests improvement is possible.

Question 37Child Development and Pedagogy

In a classroom, a teacher gives a student a token each time the student completes five minutes of sustained silent reading. This procedure is best described as

  1. extinction
  2. positive reinforcement Correct answer.
  3. negative reinforcement
  4. punishment

Explanation

Positive reinforcement adds a desirable consequence (a token) after a target behaviour, increasing the likelihood that the behaviour recurs. Negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus, punishment adds an unpleasant consequence, and extinction removes the reinforcement entirely.

Question 38Child Development and Pedagogy

A child's vocabulary grows rapidly between ages two and six. Which explanation is most consistent with current developmental understanding?

  1. Fast mapping and social interaction support rapid word learning Correct answer.
  2. Children learn words only through rote repetition
  3. Vocabulary growth is unrelated to adult speech input
  4. Vocabulary growth is purely a result of formal schooling

Explanation

Children acquire new words quickly through fast mapping, linking a new word to a meaning after brief exposure, and social interaction with caregivers supports this process. Rote repetition alone and schooling alone cannot explain the pace of early vocabulary growth.

Question 39Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher observes that a child from a disadvantaged home solves practical problems well in the market but performs poorly on similar paper-and-pencil tasks in class. The best interpretation is that

  1. the child lacks general intelligence
  2. the child has no problem-solving ability
  3. the child needs to be moved to a lower class
  4. the child's competence is context-bound and may not transfer to school tasks Correct answer.

Explanation

Skills learned in one cultural or practical context often do not automatically transfer to the decontextualised tasks used in schools, so performance differences reflect context rather than a lack of ability. Concluding that the child lacks intelligence or must be demoted misreads the evidence.

Question 40Child Development and Pedagogy

Which of the following best reflects the concept of 'developmentally appropriate practice' in primary teaching?

  1. Teaching only through lecture to prepare students for examinations
  2. Increasing homework to match higher-class expectations
  3. Designing activities that match children's cognitive and social developmental levels Correct answer.
  4. Using the same syllabus for all ages regardless of developmental level

Explanation

Developmentally appropriate practice matches tasks to children's cognitive, social, and emotional readiness rather than imposing a uniform standard. Using identical syllabi or lecture-only methods ignores developmental differences.

Question 41Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants to assess a child's social skills during group work. Which method is most suitable?

  1. Reviewing the child's marks in mathematics
  2. A written objective test on social rules
  3. Asking only the child's parents to rate the child
  4. Systematic observation of the child during group activities Correct answer.

Explanation

Social skills are best assessed through systematic observation of behaviour in natural group settings, often recorded with a checklist or anecdotal notes. Written tests of rules or marks in another subject do not capture actual social behaviour.

Question 42Child Development and Pedagogy

According to Vygotsky, private speech (talking to oneself while solving a task) is best understood as

  1. a sign of cognitive immaturity
  2. meaningless noise that should be stopped
  3. evidence of a language disorder
  4. a tool for self-regulation that later becomes inner speech Correct answer.

Explanation

Vygotsky viewed private speech as a self-regulatory tool that guides problem-solving and gradually becomes internalised as inner speech. Piaget, by contrast, saw it as egocentric, but Vygotsky regarded it as functional rather than immature.

Question 43Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher is planning to reduce a student's habit of leaving the seat frequently. Which strategy is most consistent with applied behaviour analysis?

  1. Increase the length of the lesson without breaks
  2. Ignore the student completely for the whole day
  3. Praise and reward the student when seated and working Correct answer.
  4. Send the student out of the class each time he leaves the seat

Explanation

Applied behaviour analysis targets the desired behaviour directly by reinforcing it, so praising and rewarding the student for being seated and working increases that behaviour. Punishment or ignoring alone does not teach the replacement behaviour.

Question 44Child Development and Pedagogy

A child who has just entered adolescence shows increased conflict with parents over independence while maintaining strong peer ties. This is most consistent with which developmental perspective?

  1. Kohlberg's moral stages
  2. Erikson's identity versus role confusion Correct answer.
  3. Piaget's concrete operations
  4. Pavlov's classical conditioning

Explanation

Erikson's identity versus role confusion stage of adolescence involves forming a coherent sense of self, which often includes negotiating independence from parents while relying on peers. The other options address moral reasoning, cognitive operations, or conditioning rather than identity formation.

Question 45Child Development and Pedagogy

A researcher finds that children who attend preschool show better school readiness than children who do not, but the children who attend come from higher-income families. Which conclusion is most defensible?

  1. Family income may confound the relationship and must be controlled Correct answer.
  2. School readiness is fixed at birth
  3. Preschool alone causes better school readiness
  4. Preschool has no effect in any circumstance

Explanation

Because family income is associated with both preschool attendance and school readiness, it is a plausible confounding variable, so the relationship cannot be attributed to preschool alone without controlling for it. The finding also does not prove that preschool has no effect.

Question 46Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants to use a sociometric technique to identify peer acceptance patterns in a class. Which method is most appropriate?

  1. Counting the number of words each child reads per minute
  2. Recording each child's marks in mathematics
  3. Measuring each child's height and weight
  4. Asking each child to name classmates they would like to sit with Correct answer.

Explanation

Sociometric techniques ask children to name peers they prefer or reject, producing a picture of social acceptance and rejection within the group. Reading rate, height, and marks measure other attributes and do not capture peer relations.

Question 47Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher finds that a child can explain a concept clearly in her home language but struggles to express the same concept in the school language. The most appropriate interpretation is that

  1. the child lacks conceptual understanding
  2. the child has a language disorder
  3. the child should be placed in a lower class
  4. the child's conceptual understanding may be intact but expression is limited by language proficiency Correct answer.

Explanation

Conceptual knowledge and language proficiency are distinct, so a child can understand a concept yet be unable to express it in the school language. This is a transfer and language issue, not evidence of a disorder or an ability deficit.

Question 48Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher wants to promote metacognition in primary students. Which classroom practice is most likely to succeed?

  1. Asking students to predict their test score, then compare it with the actual result and discuss why Correct answer.
  2. Increasing the speed of instruction to cover more content
  3. Giving students the answers before they attempt a task
  4. Removing all self-assessment from the lesson

Explanation

Metacognition involves monitoring and evaluating one's own learning, which is fostered when students predict performance, compare it with outcomes, and reflect on the reasons for any gap. Giving answers in advance or removing self-assessment prevents this monitoring.

Question 49Child Development and Pedagogy

A child who has experienced neglect shows delayed language and difficulty forming trusting relationships with teachers. Which explanation is most consistent with developmental research?

  1. The child's difficulties will necessarily disappear without support
  2. Early adverse experiences can affect both language and socio-emotional development Correct answer.
  3. Language delay always causes insecure attachment
  4. The delays are unrelated to the child's environment

Explanation

Early adversity such as neglect is associated with delays across multiple domains, including language and the formation of trusting relationships. The domains are not independent, but the evidence does not support the claim that language delay always causes insecure attachment.

Question 50Child Development and Pedagogy

A teacher uses a rubric with clear criteria and gives feedback on a draft before the final submission. This practice primarily supports

  1. standardised testing
  2. norm-referenced ranking
  3. formative assessment for learning Correct answer.
  4. summative assessment only

Explanation

Feedback on a draft against clear criteria is formative assessment because it is used to improve learning before the final product. Summative assessment judges final achievement, and norm-referenced ranking compares students with one another.