MAH B.Ed CET cheat sheet

Indian Constitution: adopted 26 November 1949, came into force 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights occupy Part III (Articles 12-35); Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on Swaran Singh Committee advice.

President is elected by an electoral college of elected MPs and elected MLAs; impeachment is under Article 61 for violation of the Constitution.

Maharashtra statehood: Bombay State was split by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960, with Maharashtra and Gujarat formed on 1 May 1960.

National symbols: tiger (national animal), peacock (national bird), lotus (national flower), mango (national fruit), Ganges (national river).

Current affairs anchors: RBI monetary policy repo rate decisions, Union Budget presented on 1 February, and ISRO mission names are frequent CET items.

Static-plus-current pairing rule: when a question names a scheme, link it to its launching ministry and year rather than only its slogan.

Awards: Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian award; Jnanpith for literature; Dronacharya for sports coaching; Param Vir Chakra is a wartime gallantry award.

Number series: check successive differences first, then ratios, then alternating or two-interleaved series before trying squares and cubes.

Coding-decoding: write the alphabet with positions 1-26; opposite-letter pairs sum to 27 (A-Z, B-Y, C-X ...).

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender-marked nodes; never infer gender from a name or role such as 'doctor'.

Direction sense: use a coordinate grid; a left turn after facing north means facing west, and net displacement uses Pythagoras on the two axes.

Syllogism: a conclusion follows only if it is true in every possible Venn diagram of the premises; 'some A are B' does not imply 'some B are not A'.

Seating arrangement: fix the certain position first, then place definite-left/definite-right clues; circular arrangements have (n-1)! distinct orders.

Analogy and classification: identify the relation type (part-whole, cause-effect, worker-tool, synonym) before choosing the option.

Clock and calendar: the minute hand gains 5.5 degrees per minute on the hour hand; odd-day count of 100 years is 5 and of 400 years is 0.

Percentage change: increase then decrease of the same x% gives a net decrease of x squared divided by 100 percent.

Profit and loss: successive discounts of a% and b% equal a single discount of a + b - ab/100 percent.

Simple interest = P x R x T / 100; compound interest = P[(1 + R/100)^T - 1], and CI exceeds SI by P(R/100)^2 for two years.

Time and work: convert days to rates (1/n per day); combined rate is the sum of individual rates, and work done = rate x time.

Speed: 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; for a train clearing a platform, distance = train length + platform length.

Averages: new average after adding a value = (old sum + value)/(old count + 1); for consecutive numbers the average equals the middle term.

Ratio and mixture: alligation rule gives the ratio of quantities as the differences between each price and the mean price, taken crosswise.

Mensuration: area of circle = pi r squared, volume of cylinder = pi r squared h, and total surface area of a cube = 6a squared.

Comprehension order: read the questions first, then scan the passage for the sentence that answers each one; the answer must be supported by the text, not by outside knowledge.

Inference versus fact: a statement directly stated in the passage is a fact; a conclusion drawn from it is an inference, and questions usually label which is wanted.

Vocabulary in context: a word's meaning is fixed by its surrounding sentence, so substitute each option back into the sentence to test it.

English grammar traps: subject-verb agreement ignores phrases between subject and verb; 'one of the' takes a plural noun with a singular verb.

Common error patterns: 'discuss about', 'return back', 'more better', and 'each of the students have' are all non-standard forms.

Marathi sandhi and samas: identify whether a compound is a Dwandwa (both words retained in sense) or Tatpurusha (one word subordinate) before splitting it.

Marathi idiom rule: vakprachar meanings are fixed and cannot be guessed from literal word meanings; learn them as whole units.

Synonyms and antonyms: choose the option closest in register and part of speech; a near-synonym with the wrong shade of meaning is the distractor.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; 'design a lesson plan' sits at Create, not Understand.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11+); conservation appears in the concrete stage.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between what a learner does alone and what they do with guidance; scaffolding sits inside that gap.

Kohlberg's moral development: preconventional (punishment/obedience), conventional (social approval, law and order), postconventional (universal principles).

Learner-centred decision rule: when an option removes the child from the process or relies on punishment, it is usually the wrong answer.

Inclusive education means adapting instruction and assessment to diverse learners in the regular classroom, not segregating students with special needs.

Formative assessment is during learning and diagnostic in purpose; summative assessment is at the end and judgemental; CCE blends both.

Teaching attitude items: an effective teacher reflects on failure, differentiates tasks, and involves parents, rather than blaming ability or background.