MAH B.Ed CET flashcards
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- Article 21A
- Right to Education inserted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment (2002); it makes free and compulsory education a fundamental right for children aged six to fourteen years.
- Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960
- Law that split Bombay State on 1 May 1960 into Maharashtra, with Mumbai as capital, and Gujarat, with Gandhinagar later as capital.
- Repo rate
- The rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities; raising it is intended to cool inflation.
- Bharat Ratna
- India's highest civilian award, instituted in 1954, given for exceptional service in art, literature, science or public affairs; it is not a military honour.
- Odd days
- Remainder days left after dividing total days by seven. A normal year has one odd day, a leap year two, 100 years five and 400 years none.
- Opposite letter rule
- In the English alphabet, letters equidistant from the ends have positions summing to 27, so A pairs with Z, B with Y and M with N.
- Syllogism validity test
- A conclusion is valid only if it holds in every possible diagram of the premises; one counter-diagram is enough to reject it.
- Circular arrangement count
- The number of distinct ways to seat n people around a circle is (n-1) factorial, because rotations of the same order are treated as identical.
- Blood relation tree
- A diagram with separate symbols for male and female relatives, drawn from the stated relations, used to answer relationship questions without assuming gender.
- Successive percentage change
- Two successive changes of a% and b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent, where the sign of each change is kept.
- Alligation rule
- For mixing two ingredients at given prices to reach a mean price, the quantity ratio equals the differences between each price and the mean, taken crosswise.
- Compound interest two-year gap
- For two years, compound interest exceeds simple interest on the same principal and rate by P times (R/100) squared.
- Train crossing a platform
- Total distance covered equals the train's own length plus the platform length; time equals that distance divided by the train's speed.
- Work rate conversion
- If a person finishes a job in n days, their one-day rate is 1/n; combined rates of workers add, and time is the reciprocal of the total rate.
- Cube surface area
- A cube of edge a has total surface area 6a squared and volume a cubed; its diagonal across the body equals a times root three.
- Inference in comprehension
- A conclusion that follows from the passage without being stated word for word; it must be supported by the text, not by general knowledge.
- Subject-verb agreement trap
- The verb agrees with the head noun, not with a phrase between them; 'one of the boys is' takes a singular verb despite the plural noun.
- Vakprachar
- A Marathi idiom whose meaning is fixed by convention and cannot be derived from the literal sense of its words; it must be learnt as a unit.
- Dwandwa samas
- A Marathi compound in which both constituent words keep their separate meanings and the pair is joined, as in a pairing of two nouns.
- Contextual vocabulary
- A word's meaning in a passage is decided by its surrounding sentence; test each option by substituting it back into that sentence.
- Antonym selection
- Choose the option opposite in meaning that matches the same part of speech and register; a related but non-opposite word is the usual distractor.
- Bloom's revised taxonomy
- Six cognitive levels from lower to higher: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; exam items are classified by the verb used.
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do unaided and what they can do with adult or peer guidance; teaching targets this gap.
- Piaget concrete operational stage
- Ages roughly seven to eleven, when children master conservation, classification and reversibility but still reason about concrete objects rather than abstractions.
- Formative assessment
- Assessment carried out during teaching to diagnose gaps and adjust instruction; it is low-stakes and feedback-oriented, unlike end-of-term summative testing.
- Inclusive education
- Practice of teaching learners with diverse needs and disabilities in the regular classroom by adapting content, methods and assessment, rather than segregating them.
- Scaffolding
- Temporary support a teacher provides within the learner's zone of proximal development, gradually withdrawn as the learner gains competence and independence.
- Kohlberg conventional level
- Second level of moral reasoning, where right action is judged by social approval, family expectations and maintaining law and order rather than by consequences alone.
- Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation
- Assessment pattern combining regular formative checks with term-end summative tests across scholastic and co-scholastic areas, aiming to reduce exam pressure.
- Learner-centred classroom
- Setting where students construct understanding through activity, discussion and questioning while the teacher facilitates rather than only lectures and dictates notes.
- Diagnostic assessment
- Assessment used to locate the specific nature of a learning difficulty before remedial teaching, going beyond a score to identify which sub-skill is weak.
- Teaching attitude
- A teacher's consistent disposition toward learners and work, shown in reflection, fairness, patience and willingness to adapt methods after failure.