MAH B.Ed CET key terms

A nationwide government programme launched in 2001 to bring universal elementary education to children aged 6-14, focusing on enrolment, retention and quality in government schools.

A law making free and compulsory education a fundamental right for children aged 6-14, fixing pupil-teacher ratios and banning screening procedures and capitation fees in elementary admissions.

India's current education policy replacing the 1986 policy, restructuring school stages into 5+3+3+4, and emphasising mother-tongue instruction, multidisciplinary higher education and a single higher-education regulator.

The National Council for Teacher Education, a statutory body that sets norms and standards for teacher-education programmes such as B.Ed. and recognises teacher-training institutions across India.

The National Curriculum Framework, a document guiding syllabus and textbook design in India, stressing child-centred, activity-based learning and continuous assessment rather than rote memorisation.

An assessment approach that judges learners throughout the year on both scholastic and co-scholastic areas, using multiple tools instead of relying on a single terminal examination.

Assessment carried out during teaching to monitor learning and give feedback that shapes the next lesson; its main purpose is improvement, not grading or certification.

Assessment conducted at the end of a unit, term or course to judge how much learning has occurred and to assign grades or certificates against set standards.

A learning theory holding that learners actively build knowledge by connecting new information to prior experience, so teaching should provide exploration and discussion rather than pure transmission.

Temporary support a teacher gives a learner to complete a task just beyond independent ability, gradually withdrawn as competence grows; the idea comes from Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.

The gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can achieve with guidance from a more capable person; instruction is most effective inside this range.

Placing children with disabilities and other marginalised groups in regular classrooms with adapted teaching, materials and support, instead of segregating them in separate schools.

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, which recognises 21 specified disabilities, mandates inclusive schooling and reasonable accommodation, and reserves posts in education for eligible candidates.

A written plan for one learner with special needs that states present levels, measurable goals, services and review dates, prepared with parents and specialists.

Extra, targeted instruction given to learners who lag behind in a specific skill, usually after diagnosis of the exact difficulty, aiming to close the gap rather than repeat the whole syllabus.

An assessment designed to locate the precise nature and cause of a learner's errors in a subject, so that remedial teaching can address the specific weakness found.

A test measuring how much a learner has gained from instruction in a defined syllabus or course, used for grading, promotion and judging teaching effectiveness.

The process of fixing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and establishing norms from a representative sample, so scores can be compared meaningfully across candidates.

The consistency of a test or measurement: the degree to which repeated administration or parallel forms yield similar scores for the same candidates.

The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure, such as whether an aptitude test actually predicts success in the teaching profession.

A person's existing capacity or potential to acquire a particular skill or perform in a specific field, usually inferred from performance on standardised tasks rather than from training already completed.

A relatively stable tendency to respond favourably or unfavourably towards a person, group, subject or situation, shaped by beliefs, feelings and past experience.

The settled disposition a teacher shows towards pupils, subject matter and the profession, which affects classroom climate, fairness and willingness to adapt methods.

The measurable influence a teacher has on learner achievement and behaviour, linked to clear planning, subject mastery, feedback, classroom management and respect for pupils.

The set of routines and decisions a teacher uses to keep lessons orderly and engaged, including seating, transitions, rules and handling disruption without losing instructional time.

Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour recurring; positive reinforcement adds a reward, while negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant condition.

The internal or external force that starts, directs and sustains behaviour towards a goal; intrinsic motivation comes from interest, extrinsic from rewards or pressure.

A theory arranging human needs from physiological and safety needs upward through belonging and esteem to self-actualisation, suggesting lower needs must be met before higher ones motivate.

A theory describing four stages of thinking from sensorimotor through preoperational and concrete operational to formal operational, with the shift to abstract reasoning appearing in adolescence.

A stage theory of moral reasoning moving from obedience and self-interest, through conformity to social expectations, to principled reasoning based on universal ethical values.

A persistent difficulty in acquiring basic academic skills such as reading, writing or arithmetic despite normal intelligence and adequate instruction, often called dyslexia, dysgraphia or dyscalculia.

Eleven obligations listed in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, including respect for the Constitution and protection of the environment.

Guaranteed civil liberties in Part III of the Indian Constitution, such as equality, freedom of speech and the right to constitutional remedies, enforceable in courts.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution directing governments to promote welfare, education and social justice; they are not directly enforceable in courts.

A relationship comparing two quantities of the same kind, and an equation stating that two such relationships are equal; used to solve problems on sharing, mixtures and scale.

A technique in which the value of one unit is found first, then multiplied to obtain the value of the required number of units, useful for work, speed and cost problems.

A fraction expressed with denominator 100, written with the percent sign; used to compare quantities, compute profit and loss, and calculate simple and compound interest.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula principal times rate times time divided by one hundred.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously earned interest, so the amount grows geometrically over each period rather than linearly.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule, such as adding a constant or multiplying; the candidate must identify the rule and find the missing or wrong term.

A reasoning item presenting two related items and asking the candidate to complete a second pair using the same relationship, such as part to whole or cause to effect.

A reasoning task in which four or five items are given and the candidate identifies the odd one out because it lacks the common property shared by the others.

A reasoning topic where letters or words are transformed by a rule, and the candidate applies or reverses that rule to encode a new word or decode a given code.

Puzzle questions that describe family links through statements or symbols, requiring the candidate to build a family tree and identify a specific relationship.

Problems tracking a person's movement through turns and distances, requiring the candidate to determine final direction or shortest distance, often using a rough sketch.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag' meaning to reveal a secret.

Words with the same or nearly the same meaning, and words with opposite meanings; candidates match a given word to its closest equivalent or its opposite.

A vocabulary exercise giving a phrase or description that must be replaced by a single precise word, such as 'a person who speaks many languages' for polyglot.

Two ways of presenting a clause according to whether the subject performs or receives the action; converting between them requires adjusting the verb form and object position.

Reporting someone's words either exactly in quotation marks or indirectly, with changes to pronouns, tense and time words when the reporting verb is in the past.

The grammatical rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb even when intervening phrases are plural.

The Marathi and Sanskrit rule governing how sounds change when two words or morphemes join, producing a combined form whose spelling differs from the separate parts.

A compound word in Marathi formed by joining two or more words into one unit, classified by type, such as dwandwa, tatpurusha and bahuvrihi.

A Marathi proverb or traditional saying that carries practical wisdom in fixed wording, tested by asking candidates to supply the missing part or explain the sense.

A Marathi idiom, a fixed phrase used figuratively whose meaning goes beyond the literal words, such as expressions describing anger or haste.