UP PCS-J cheat sheet

Uttar Pradesh has 75 districts grouped into 18 divisions; Lucknow is the state capital and Allahabad (Prayagraj) hosts the Allahabad High Court, established 1866.

UP borders 8 states/UTs: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, plus Delhi UT; Nepal lies to the north.

Constitutional framework: Article 1 names India a Union of States; the Seventh Schedule divides powers into Union (97 entries), State (66) and Concurrent (47) Lists.

Fundamental Rights (Part III, Articles 12-35) are enforceable via Articles 32 (Supreme Court) and 226 (High Courts); Article 21A (education, 86th Amendment 2002) applies to ages 6-14.

Key UP economy facts: major crops are wheat, rice, sugarcane and potato; Kanpur is the leather and textile hub; Noida/Greater Noida anchor IT and electronics.

National timeline anchors: 1857 Revolt, INC founded 1885, Jallianwala Bagh 1919, Non-Cooperation 1920, Dandi March 1930, Quit India 1942, Independence 15 August 1947, Constitution in force 26 January 1950.

Directive Principles (Part IV, Articles 36-51) are non-justiciable; Article 44 uniform civil code, Article 48A environment, Article 51A lists 11 Fundamental Duties (42nd Amendment 1976).

Basic numeracy rules: average = sum/count; simple interest = PRT/100; compound interest = P(1+R/100)^T - P; speed = distance/time.

CrPC classification: cognizable offences permit arrest without warrant; non-cognizable require a warrant; summons cases are punishable by max 2 years, warrant cases exceed 2 years.

FIR under Section 154 CrPC must be recorded and read to the informant; Section 161 statements to police are not signed and cannot be used as evidence, only to contradict under Section 145 Evidence Act.

BNS/BNSS/BSA replaced IPC/CrPC/Evidence Act from 1 July 2024; IPC 302 (murder) maps to BNS 103, IPC 420 (cheating) to BNS 318, CrPC 154 to BNSS 173.

Bail: Section 437 CrPC covers non-bailable offences before Magistrate; Section 439 covers Sessions/High Court; Section 167 CrPC caps remand at 60 or 90 days depending on offence punishment.

Contract essentials under Section 10 Indian Contract Act 1872: offer, acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity, free consent, lawful object; Section 56 covers frustration and impossibility.

Evidence Act rules: Section 3 definitions (fact, relevant, proved, disproved); Section 45 expert opinion; Section 65 secondary evidence; Section 101-103 burden of proof; Section 114 presumption of regularity.

CPC 1908: Order 7 Rule 11 rejection of plaint; Order 6 pleadings; Order 39 temporary injunction; Section 9 civil courts try suits unless expressly or impliedly barred; Section 96 first appeal.

Constitutional writs under Article 226 are wider than Article 32; habeas corpus tests legality of detention; mandamus does not lie against a private person or the President/Governor.

Criminal procedure timelines: Section 57 CrPC requires production before a Magistrate within 24 hours of arrest; Section 50 mandates grounds of arrest be communicated.

संधि: स्वर संधि (दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण, अयादि), व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि - जैसे सूर्य+उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि)।

समास के छह भेद: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि; जैसे 'चौराहा' द्विगु और 'दशानन' बहुव्रीहि है।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं (अनु = पीछे/समान, प्रति = ओर, निर् = बिना); प्रत्यय दो प्रकार - कृत् (कर्ता, कर्म आधारित) और तद्धित (भाव/संबंध)।

कारक के आठ भेद और विभक्ति चिह्न: कर्ता 'ने', कर्म 'को', करण 'से/के द्वारा', संप्रदान 'के लिए', अपादान 'से अलग', संबंध 'का/की/के', अधिकरण 'में/पर', संबोधन 'हे/अरे'।

रस नौ हैं: शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत; शांत रस को रसराज कहा जाता है।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण आवृत्ति), यमक (शब्द आवृत्ति, भिन्न अर्थ), उपमा, रूपक, उत्प्रेक्षा, श्लेष; 'चारु चंद्र की चंचल किरणें' में अनुप्रास है।

वाक्य शुद्धि व मुहावरे: 'कान काटना' = चतुराई में हराना; 'अंधे की लाठी' = एकमात्र सहारा; वर्तनी में 'अत्यधिक', 'पूर्णतः' शुद्ध रूप हैं।

प्रमुख कवि-रचनाएँ: तुलसीदास 'रामचरितमानस', सूरदास 'सूरसागर', कबीर 'बीजक', जायसी 'पद्मावत', भारतेंदु 'भारत दुर्दशा', प्रसाद 'कामायनी', निराला 'राम की शक्ति-पूजा'।

Tense agreement rule: present perfect (has/have + V3) pairs with since/for; past perfect (had + V3) marks the earlier of two past actions.

Subject-verb agreement: indefinite pronouns (each, everyone, somebody) take singular verbs; 'neither...nor' and 'either...or' agree with the nearer subject.

Articles: 'a/an' with singular countable nouns, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); zero article with abstract/plural generic nouns.

Conditionals: Type 1 if + present, will + V1; Type 2 if + past, would + V1; Type 3 if + had + V3, would have + V3.

Preposition collocations: 'comply with', 'abide by', 'deprive of', 'consist of', 'capable of', 'object to', 'prefer to', 'superior to'.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + V3, agent introduced by 'by'; perfect tenses use 'having been + V3'.

Common error pairs: 'lie/lay', 'affect/effect', 'principal/principle', 'advice/advise', 'stationary/stationery'; 'advice' is a noun, 'advise' a verb.

One-word substitutions: 'altruist' (selfless person), 'ephemeral' (short-lived), 'philanthropist' (charitable donor), 'ambiguous' (open to more than one meaning).